<p>This paper rigorously analyzes a Keller–Segel–Navier–Stokes system with indirect signal production and subquadratic logistic degradation: <Equation ID="Equ1"> <EquationNumber>0.1</EquationNumber> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} n_t + {u} \cdot \nabla n = \Delta n - \chi \nabla \cdot ( n \nabla v )+\rho n-\mu n^\alpha , &amp; x \in \Omega , \, t&gt; 0, \\ v_t + {u} \cdot \nabla v = \Delta v - v + w, &amp; x \in \Omega , \, t&gt; 0, \\ w_t + {u} \cdot \nabla w = \Delta w - w + n, &amp; x \in \Omega , \, t&gt; 0, \\ {u}_t + ({u} \cdot \nabla ){u} + \nabla P = \Delta {u} + n \nabla \phi , &amp; x \in \Omega , \, t&gt; 0,\\ \nabla \cdot {u} = 0, &amp; x \in \Omega , t &gt; 0. \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mfenced open="{"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>χ</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mi>α</mi> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi>v</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>v</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi>w</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>w</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>w</mi> <mo>-</mo> <mi>w</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <msub> <mi>u</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mrow /> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mo>·</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> <mtd columnalign="left"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>.</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mfenced> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>On a bounded smooth domain <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo>⊂</mo> <msup> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> with no-flux for <i>n</i>,&#xa0;<i>v</i>,&#xa0;<i>w</i> and no-slip for <i>u</i>, parameters are: <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\rho \in \mathbb {R}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ρ</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mu &gt; 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi &gt; 0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>χ</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (chemotactic sensitivity), <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\phi \in W^{2,\infty }(\Omega )\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msup> <mi>W</mi> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>∞</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, and <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>α</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (logistic exponent) critically affecting dynamics. A known bottleneck for weak degradation (<InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha &lt; 4/3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) is the need for an <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(L^{4/3}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> estimate of <i>n</i> to obtain fluid energy bounds. While <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha \ge 4/3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> yields solutions directly [<CitationRef CitationID="CR10">10</CitationRef>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR11">11</CitationRef>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR43">43</CitationRef>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR63">63</CitationRef>, <CitationRef CitationID="CR68">68</CitationRef>], the case <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha &lt; 4/3\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>&lt;</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> remains open in 3D. To address this, we construct a quasi-energy inequality: <Equation ID="Equ2"> <EquationNumber>0.2</EquationNumber> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\begin{aligned} \int _{\Omega } n^{\frac{2}{3}} + A \int _{\Omega } |\nabla v|^2 + B \int _{\Omega } |{u}|^2, \end{aligned}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math display="block"> <mrow> <mtable> <mtr> <mtd columnalign="right"> <mrow> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </msub> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>A</mi> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">∇</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mi>B</mi> <msub> <mo>∫</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi> </msub> <msup> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">|</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </Equation>with large constants <i>A</i>,&#xa0;<i>B</i>. For <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\alpha &gt; 5/4\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>5</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we combine analysis of <i>v</i>’s regularity with the <i>w</i>-equation to obtain an <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(L^{q}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mi>q</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> estimate (<InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(q &gt; 3/2\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>q</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mo stretchy="false">/</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) for <i>w</i>, leading via Moser iteration to an <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(L^{\infty }\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msup> <mi>L</mi> <mi>∞</mi> </msup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> bound for <i>v</i>. Under small <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\chi \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>χ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, we prove uniform boundedness of this quasi-energy, overcoming classical barriers and providing new tools for such systems.</p>

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On the Existence of Solutions for a Three-Dimensional Keller–Segel–Navier–Stokes System with Indirect Signal Production

  • Zhichao Gao,
  • Jiashan Zheng

摘要

This paper rigorously analyzes a Keller–Segel–Navier–Stokes system with indirect signal production and subquadratic logistic degradation: 0.1 \(\begin{aligned} {\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} n_t + {u} \cdot \nabla n = \Delta n - \chi \nabla \cdot ( n \nabla v )+\rho n-\mu n^\alpha , & x \in \Omega , \, t> 0, \\ v_t + {u} \cdot \nabla v = \Delta v - v + w, & x \in \Omega , \, t> 0, \\ w_t + {u} \cdot \nabla w = \Delta w - w + n, & x \in \Omega , \, t> 0, \\ {u}_t + ({u} \cdot \nabla ){u} + \nabla P = \Delta {u} + n \nabla \phi , & x \in \Omega , \, t> 0,\\ \nabla \cdot {u} = 0, & x \in \Omega , t > 0. \end{array}\right. } \end{aligned}\) n t + u · n = Δ n - χ · ( n v ) + ρ n - μ n α , x Ω , t > 0 , v t + u · v = Δ v - v + w , x Ω , t > 0 , w t + u · w = Δ w - w + n , x Ω , t > 0 , u t + ( u · ) u + P = Δ u + n ϕ , x Ω , t > 0 , · u = 0 , x Ω , t > 0 . On a bounded smooth domain \(\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^3\) Ω R 3 with no-flux for nvw and no-slip for u, parameters are: \(\rho \in \mathbb {R}\) ρ R , \(\mu > 0\) μ > 0 , \(\chi > 0\) χ > 0 (chemotactic sensitivity), \(\phi \in W^{2,\infty }(\Omega )\) ϕ W 2 , ( Ω ) , and \(\alpha \) α (logistic exponent) critically affecting dynamics. A known bottleneck for weak degradation ( \(\alpha < 4/3\) α < 4 / 3 ) is the need for an \(L^{4/3}\) L 4 / 3 estimate of n to obtain fluid energy bounds. While \(\alpha \ge 4/3\) α 4 / 3 yields solutions directly [10, 11, 43, 63, 68], the case \(\alpha < 4/3\) α < 4 / 3 remains open in 3D. To address this, we construct a quasi-energy inequality: 0.2 \(\begin{aligned} \int _{\Omega } n^{\frac{2}{3}} + A \int _{\Omega } |\nabla v|^2 + B \int _{\Omega } |{u}|^2, \end{aligned}\) Ω n 2 3 + A Ω | v | 2 + B Ω | u | 2 , with large constants AB. For \(\alpha > 5/4\) α > 5 / 4 , we combine analysis of v’s regularity with the w-equation to obtain an \(L^{q}\) L q estimate ( \(q > 3/2\) q > 3 / 2 ) for w, leading via Moser iteration to an \(L^{\infty }\) L bound for v. Under small \(\chi \) χ , we prove uniform boundedness of this quasi-energy, overcoming classical barriers and providing new tools for such systems.