The modified whale-tail flap for nipple-areola complex reconstruction: a 12-year retrospective review of 85 cases
摘要
Background Nipple–areola complex reconstruction remains an important final stage of breast reconstruction, yet durable nipple projection and low ischemic complication rates continue to represent technical challenges. We describe a technical modification of the classic whale-tail flap intended to improve structural stability while maintaining reliable vascularity. The modification consists of an asymmetric design with 45° flap angulation, a 2.5-cm inferior pedicle, a shorter medial arm to form the projecting apex, and a longer lateral arm to provide circumferential wrap.
MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 85 consecutive nipple–areola complex reconstructions performed with this technique between January 2013 and August 2025 in previously reconstructed breasts. Outcomes assessed included flap viability, postoperative complications, follow-up duration, and serial clinical nipple projection measurements obtained immediately postoperatively and during follow-up.
ResultsThe cohort included implant-based and autologous breast reconstructions. Postoperative nipple projection decreased progressively during follow-up, although clinically acceptable projection was acceptable in most patients without need for surgical revision. One case of partial flap necrosis was observed (1.17%). No total flap necrosis occurred. Minor wound complications were uncommon, and no patient required reintervention for complete loss of projection.
ConclusionsThis modified whale-tail flap appears to be a safe and reproducible option for nipple reconstruction in implant-based and autologous breast reconstruction. Its principal contribution lies in the reproducible geometric refinement and practical intraoperative design. Nevertheless, objective comparative studies with standardized projection measurements and patient-reported outcomes are necessary to determine whether the modification independently improves long-term projection outcomes.
Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic study.