<p>Let <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T_n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> denote the transformation semigroup consisting of all maps from <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq2.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="66" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\([n] \rightarrow [n]\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, where <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq3.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="119" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\([n] = \{1,\ldots ,n\}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">{</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mo>…</mo> <mo>,</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">}</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In 2009, Araújo, Mitchell and Schneider gave a classification of subgroups <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq4.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="57" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(G\le S_n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>G</mi> <mo>≤</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq5.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="49" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\langle G,a\rangle \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a regular semigroup for all <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq6.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="50" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(a\in T_n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>∈</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, showing that for <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq7.gif" Format="GIF" Height="15" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="51" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(n\ge 10\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>≥</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, the only possibilities for <i>G</i> are <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq8.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="23" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(A_n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and <InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq9.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S_n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We investigate the analogous problem for linear groups over finite fields, raised by Araújo and Cameron: classify the subgroups of <InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="52" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\operatorname {GL}_n(q)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mo>GL</mo> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> such that <InlineEquation ID="IEq11"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\langle G,A\rangle \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is a regular semigroup for all matrices <i>A</i> in the matrix semigroup <InlineEquation ID="IEq12"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq12.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="46" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(M_n(q)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. We obtain a representation theoretic criterion for such groups <i>G</i>, and exhibit a connection with the action of <i>G</i> on the exterior powers of the underlying space <InlineEquation ID="IEq13"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq13.gif" Format="GIF" Height="20" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\mathbb {F}_q^n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msubsup> <mi mathvariant="double-struck">F</mi> <mi>q</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msubsup> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. As a consequence we prove the existence of several families of subgroups <i>G</i> of <InlineEquation ID="IEq14"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq10.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="52" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\operatorname {GL}_n(q)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mo>GL</mo> <mi>n</mi> </msub> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> for arbitrary <i>n</i> with the property that <InlineEquation ID="IEq15"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq11.gif" Format="GIF" Height="19" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="53" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\langle G,A\rangle \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> is regular for all <i>A</i>, in contrast with the previously mentioned result for <InlineEquation ID="IEq16"> <InlineMediaObject> <ImageObject Color="BlackWhite" FileRef="233_2025_10542_Article_IEq1.gif" Format="GIF" Height="16" Rendition="HTML" Resolution="72" Type="Linedraw" Width="20" /> </InlineMediaObject> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(T_n\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mi>n</mi> </msub> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>.</p>

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Matrix groups and regular semigroups

  • Martin W. Liebeck,
  • Zhengkun Ye

摘要

Let \(T_n\) T n denote the transformation semigroup consisting of all maps from \([n] \rightarrow [n]\) [ n ] [ n ] , where \([n] = \{1,\ldots ,n\}\) [ n ] = { 1 , , n } . In 2009, Araújo, Mitchell and Schneider gave a classification of subgroups \(G\le S_n\) G S n such that \(\langle G,a\rangle \) G , a is a regular semigroup for all \(a\in T_n\) a T n , showing that for \(n\ge 10\) n 10 , the only possibilities for G are \(A_n\) A n and \(S_n\) S n . We investigate the analogous problem for linear groups over finite fields, raised by Araújo and Cameron: classify the subgroups of \(\operatorname {GL}_n(q)\) GL n ( q ) such that \(\langle G,A\rangle \) G , A is a regular semigroup for all matrices A in the matrix semigroup \(M_n(q)\) M n ( q ) . We obtain a representation theoretic criterion for such groups G, and exhibit a connection with the action of G on the exterior powers of the underlying space \(\mathbb {F}_q^n\) F q n . As a consequence we prove the existence of several families of subgroups G of \(\operatorname {GL}_n(q)\) GL n ( q ) for arbitrary n with the property that \(\langle G,A\rangle \) G , A is regular for all A, in contrast with the previously mentioned result for \(T_n\) T n .