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<p>Optimizing the cleaning time of thin soil layers is an omnipresent challenge in the food processing industry. One approach to address this problem is to identify different prototypical modes of soil removal, called <i>cleaning mechanisms</i>, and to simulate the cleaning process with a dedicated model for each cleaning mechanism. Industrial cleaning procedures, however, involve chemicals and non-constant operating conditions that cause the cleaning mechanism to change. In the present paper, a cleaning model combining different cleaning mechanisms is developed to represent the use of hot aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide as cleaning fluid, which is often employed in the food industry. The model includes a new formulation of a swelling sub-model based on a pseudo-diffusion approach and accounts for the transport of water, sodium hydroxide, and heat into the soil and the model switches automatically between the different cleaning mechanisms. Various validation cases for sub-models are presented. These allow to assess the most important interactions between different sub-models. The cleaning model is applied to the case of a soiled wall in a straight rectangular duct with turbulent flow characterized by bulk Reynolds numbers between 5000 and 30000 for ketchup and starch soils, and a flushing process of chocolate with laminar flow. Sodium hydroxide concentrations between 0 and 2 wt% and temperatures between 20 and 55&#xa0;<InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{\circ }\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>C are considered. Finally, in a further case study, the cleaning of a proteinaceous soil in a heat exchanger is simulated, where a simplified cleaning-in-place procedure is optimized using the new model.</p>

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A combined cleaning model for film-like soils with transition between cleaning mechanisms accounting for the effect of temperature and sodium hydroxide

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Christian Golla,
  • Vera Liebmann,
  • Jochen Fröhlich,
  • Frank Rüdiger,
  • Hannes Köhler

摘要

Optimizing the cleaning time of thin soil layers is an omnipresent challenge in the food processing industry. One approach to address this problem is to identify different prototypical modes of soil removal, called cleaning mechanisms, and to simulate the cleaning process with a dedicated model for each cleaning mechanism. Industrial cleaning procedures, however, involve chemicals and non-constant operating conditions that cause the cleaning mechanism to change. In the present paper, a cleaning model combining different cleaning mechanisms is developed to represent the use of hot aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide as cleaning fluid, which is often employed in the food industry. The model includes a new formulation of a swelling sub-model based on a pseudo-diffusion approach and accounts for the transport of water, sodium hydroxide, and heat into the soil and the model switches automatically between the different cleaning mechanisms. Various validation cases for sub-models are presented. These allow to assess the most important interactions between different sub-models. The cleaning model is applied to the case of a soiled wall in a straight rectangular duct with turbulent flow characterized by bulk Reynolds numbers between 5000 and 30000 for ketchup and starch soils, and a flushing process of chocolate with laminar flow. Sodium hydroxide concentrations between 0 and 2 wt% and temperatures between 20 and 55  \(^{\circ }\) C are considered. Finally, in a further case study, the cleaning of a proteinaceous soil in a heat exchanger is simulated, where a simplified cleaning-in-place procedure is optimized using the new model.