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<p>Effective ventilation is critical for smoke control in tunnel fires, yet most existing studies assume uniform ventilation—a condition that diverges significantly from real-world jet fan systems. To address this gap, this study employs Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS 6.7.1) to investigate smoke stratification in a tunnel equipped with ceiling jet fans. Numerical simulations were conducted under varying longitudinal ventilation velocities (≥ 15&#xa0;m/s) and heat release rates. Key findings reveal that the stable stratification length of smoke increases linearly with longitudinal ventilation velocity beyond 15&#xa0;m/s, and a predictive model integrating heat release rate is established. Furthermore, the position of the critical point—where stable stratification transitions—is systematically analyzed under fixed velocity or fixed heat release rate conditions. Based on simulation data, a linear relationship between critical dimensionless parameters is derived, linking them to both ventilation velocity and heat release rate. This work provides a validated theoretical framework for designing jet fan ventilation systems, enhancing both the accuracy of smoke management strategies and tunnel fire safety. The findings of this study provide a validated theoretical framework for smoke stratification in tunnel fires under the action of jet fans, which helps improve the accuracy of tunnel smoke management strategies and further enhances the safety level of tunnel fire protection.</p>

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Study on the fire smoke stratification in a tunnel with ceiling jet fans

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月11日

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  • Ying Wang,
  • Xueliang Fan,
  • Yelin Deng,
  • Wenhui Li,
  • Weifeng Zhao

摘要

Effective ventilation is critical for smoke control in tunnel fires, yet most existing studies assume uniform ventilation—a condition that diverges significantly from real-world jet fan systems. To address this gap, this study employs Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS 6.7.1) to investigate smoke stratification in a tunnel equipped with ceiling jet fans. Numerical simulations were conducted under varying longitudinal ventilation velocities (≥ 15 m/s) and heat release rates. Key findings reveal that the stable stratification length of smoke increases linearly with longitudinal ventilation velocity beyond 15 m/s, and a predictive model integrating heat release rate is established. Furthermore, the position of the critical point—where stable stratification transitions—is systematically analyzed under fixed velocity or fixed heat release rate conditions. Based on simulation data, a linear relationship between critical dimensionless parameters is derived, linking them to both ventilation velocity and heat release rate. This work provides a validated theoretical framework for designing jet fan ventilation systems, enhancing both the accuracy of smoke management strategies and tunnel fire safety. The findings of this study provide a validated theoretical framework for smoke stratification in tunnel fires under the action of jet fans, which helps improve the accuracy of tunnel smoke management strategies and further enhances the safety level of tunnel fire protection.