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<p>Many agents are used as foaming agents in foam drying studies. The effect of <i>Gypsophila</i> extract used as a foaming agent was investigated. In this study, the effects of <i>Gypsophila</i> extract ratios used as a foaming agent and microwave power (MD) values ​​were examined. Moisture rate (MR), drying rate (DR), effective moisture diffusion (D<sub>eff</sub>), specific moisture extraction rate (SMER), specific energy consumption (SEC), total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TF), total antioxidant content (TAC), and foaming properties of the drying processes and produced flakes were investigated. The DR values ​​of the drying processes ranged between 8.10 and 62 × 10<sup>−2</sup> g moisture/g dry matter.min. The D<sub>eff</sub> values ​​of the drying processes ranged between 9.36 × 10<sup>−7</sup>– 7.13 × 10<sup>−6</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/s. The SMER and SEC values ​​of the drying processes ranged between 0.011 and 9.24&#xa0;kg/kWh and 32.84–118.30 kWh/kg, respectively. It was found that foaming agent ratios and microwave power values ​​affected the color and foaming properties. The lowest total color change (ΔE) was determined in the 900&#xa0;W − 15% process. The highest overflow was specified in the 5% foaming agent. There was no significant difference between the porosity values ​​of the foams (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). The TPC, TF, and TAC properties of the dried samples changed between 3822.2 and 9077.2&#xa0;µg GAE g⁻¹, 538.52–947.78&#xa0;mg KE L⁻¹, and 15.03–29.18 µmol TE g⁻¹, respectively.</p>

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Assessments of Gypsophila used as foaming agent on kinetics, energy consumption, and biochemical properties of tangerine flakes processed by microwave-assisted foam-mat drying

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月11日

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  • Edanur Turk,
  • Muhammed Taşova,
  • Osman Nuri Öcalan

摘要

Many agents are used as foaming agents in foam drying studies. The effect of Gypsophila extract used as a foaming agent was investigated. In this study, the effects of Gypsophila extract ratios used as a foaming agent and microwave power (MD) values ​​were examined. Moisture rate (MR), drying rate (DR), effective moisture diffusion (Deff), specific moisture extraction rate (SMER), specific energy consumption (SEC), total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TF), total antioxidant content (TAC), and foaming properties of the drying processes and produced flakes were investigated. The DR values ​​of the drying processes ranged between 8.10 and 62 × 10−2 g moisture/g dry matter.min. The Deff values ​​of the drying processes ranged between 9.36 × 10−7– 7.13 × 10−6 m2/s. The SMER and SEC values ​​of the drying processes ranged between 0.011 and 9.24 kg/kWh and 32.84–118.30 kWh/kg, respectively. It was found that foaming agent ratios and microwave power values ​​affected the color and foaming properties. The lowest total color change (ΔE) was determined in the 900 W − 15% process. The highest overflow was specified in the 5% foaming agent. There was no significant difference between the porosity values ​​of the foams (p > 0.05). The TPC, TF, and TAC properties of the dried samples changed between 3822.2 and 9077.2 µg GAE g⁻¹, 538.52–947.78 mg KE L⁻¹, and 15.03–29.18 µmol TE g⁻¹, respectively.