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<p>Extreme events are becoming increasingly frequent and intense, leading to cascading negative effects on marine ecosystems. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of acute, extreme, salinity fluctuations in the Sado estuary, Portugal, on the early ontogeny of cuttlefish (<i>Sepia officinalis</i>). More specifically, in June 2024, eggs were collected in the Sado estuary (38.48526° N, 8.88560° O) and exposed to ecologically relevant: (i) acute extreme low salinity levels of 7 and 17, (ii) acute non-extreme brackish conditions of 24 and 28, and (iii) control conditions of 35, for four days during late embryogenesis. Both short-term extreme salinity conditions (7 and 17) resulted in 100% mortality. Hatching success was not affected at salinities 24 (64.4 ± 8.1%) and 28 (60.0 ± 12.5%) compared to control conditions (72.3 ± 12.5%). Mean hatchlings’ mantle length was significantly reduced at salinities 24 and 28 (12.93% and 9.63%, respectively) compared to control conditions. Moreover, camouflage latency was delayed, and cuttlefish hatchlings exhibited darker, more intense camouflage patterns at salinities of 24 and 28. A reduced number of hatchlings manage to camouflage and match the background at salinity 24. Overall, our findings suggest that both acute extreme and mild (non-extreme) salinity fluctuations can elicit pervasive sub-lethal effects on cuttlefish early ontogeny.</p>

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Cuttlefish hatching success and camouflage ability under acute salinity fluctuations

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Joana Martins,
  • João Saldanha da Gama,
  • Carlos Gonçalves,
  • Mélanie Court,
  • Rui Rosa

摘要

Extreme events are becoming increasingly frequent and intense, leading to cascading negative effects on marine ecosystems. Here, we aimed to investigate the impact of acute, extreme, salinity fluctuations in the Sado estuary, Portugal, on the early ontogeny of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). More specifically, in June 2024, eggs were collected in the Sado estuary (38.48526° N, 8.88560° O) and exposed to ecologically relevant: (i) acute extreme low salinity levels of 7 and 17, (ii) acute non-extreme brackish conditions of 24 and 28, and (iii) control conditions of 35, for four days during late embryogenesis. Both short-term extreme salinity conditions (7 and 17) resulted in 100% mortality. Hatching success was not affected at salinities 24 (64.4 ± 8.1%) and 28 (60.0 ± 12.5%) compared to control conditions (72.3 ± 12.5%). Mean hatchlings’ mantle length was significantly reduced at salinities 24 and 28 (12.93% and 9.63%, respectively) compared to control conditions. Moreover, camouflage latency was delayed, and cuttlefish hatchlings exhibited darker, more intense camouflage patterns at salinities of 24 and 28. A reduced number of hatchlings manage to camouflage and match the background at salinity 24. Overall, our findings suggest that both acute extreme and mild (non-extreme) salinity fluctuations can elicit pervasive sub-lethal effects on cuttlefish early ontogeny.