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<p><i>Capparis sicula</i> subsp. <i>herbacea</i> (CSH) has various biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is also consumed as a food. In traditional medicine, the different parts of CSH (seeds, fruits, and leaves) are primarily used for their diuretic, blood sugar-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. In this study, fruits, seeds, and leaves of CSH were extracted using <i>n</i>-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. According to the results of the GC-MS/MS analysis, linoleic acid methyl ester (42.39–49.70%) and oleic acid methyl ester (29.22–36.67%) were identified as the main components present in varying proportions in the leaves, fruits, and seeds of CSH. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis revealed high levels of rutin (13505.757 and 4085.376&#xa0;µg/g extract) and hesperidin (30214.749 and 9304.823&#xa0;µg/g extract) in the methanol extract of the leaves and fruits, respectively. The highest activities were observed for DPPH· scavenging with the fruit <i>n</i>-hexane extract (1.16&#xa0;µg/mL), xanthine oxidase inhibition with the fruit methanol extract (1.58&#xa0;µg/mL), <i>α</i>-glucosidase inhibition with the seed <i>n</i>-hexane extract (2.46&#xa0;µg/mL), and <i>α</i>-amylase inhibition with the seed methanol extract (5.60&#xa0;µg/mL). Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, the methanol extract of the fruit showed a similar effect to the diclofenac sodium used as a drug at concentrations of 512 and 256&#xa0;µg/mL. The synergistic effect of the hesperidin/rutin adduct was determined by molecular docking and dynamics simulation. Principal component analysis and Gibbs free energy calculations were performed after dynamics. The hesperidin/rutin adduct was found to be effective for <i>α</i>-glucosidase. Therefore, the characteristic dwarf type of CSH growing in Türkiye, which is widely used in folk medicine, can serve as a pioneer for studies exploring its potential applications in areas such as food and medicine.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Exploration of chemical content and biological activities: a promising source on Capparis sicula subsp. herbacea grown in Türkiye with in vitro and in silico insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月21日

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  • Semiha Yenigun,
  • Yunus Basar,
  • Ibrahim Demirtas,
  • Tevfik Ozen,
  • Ahmet Zafer Tel

摘要

Capparis sicula subsp. herbacea (CSH) has various biological properties, including antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is also consumed as a food. In traditional medicine, the different parts of CSH (seeds, fruits, and leaves) are primarily used for their diuretic, blood sugar-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties. In this study, fruits, seeds, and leaves of CSH were extracted using n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol, respectively. According to the results of the GC-MS/MS analysis, linoleic acid methyl ester (42.39–49.70%) and oleic acid methyl ester (29.22–36.67%) were identified as the main components present in varying proportions in the leaves, fruits, and seeds of CSH. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis revealed high levels of rutin (13505.757 and 4085.376 µg/g extract) and hesperidin (30214.749 and 9304.823 µg/g extract) in the methanol extract of the leaves and fruits, respectively. The highest activities were observed for DPPH· scavenging with the fruit n-hexane extract (1.16 µg/mL), xanthine oxidase inhibition with the fruit methanol extract (1.58 µg/mL), α-glucosidase inhibition with the seed n-hexane extract (2.46 µg/mL), and α-amylase inhibition with the seed methanol extract (5.60 µg/mL). Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, the methanol extract of the fruit showed a similar effect to the diclofenac sodium used as a drug at concentrations of 512 and 256 µg/mL. The synergistic effect of the hesperidin/rutin adduct was determined by molecular docking and dynamics simulation. Principal component analysis and Gibbs free energy calculations were performed after dynamics. The hesperidin/rutin adduct was found to be effective for α-glucosidase. Therefore, the characteristic dwarf type of CSH growing in Türkiye, which is widely used in folk medicine, can serve as a pioneer for studies exploring its potential applications in areas such as food and medicine.

Graphical abstract