Metabolomic and nutritional profiling of Amaranthus cruentus landraces from Jammu and kashmir: insights into phytochemical diversity and functional potential
摘要
Amaranthus cruentus is gaining popularity as a functional food and nutraceutical source due to its rich bioactive compounds. However, the metabolomic profiling of A. cruentus, especially with respect to its primary and secondary metabolites, remains insufficiently explored. Comprehensive metabolomic analysis is essential to uncover bioactive compounds, evaluate its nutritional value, and support its potential applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals. This study aimed to comprehensively profile phytochemicals in A. cruentus landraces from Marva Valley, Kishtwar, Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The study identified 42% primary metabolites and 58% secondary metabolites by LC-HRMS, representing their proportion out of the total annotated metabolites. Major fatty acids by FAME analysis were linoleic acid (23.97%), gamma-linolenic acid (22.72%), oleic acid (19.61%), and tricosanoic acid (13.26%), contain significant vitamin B complex including vitamin B1(0.14 mg/100 g), B2 (0.05 mg/100 g), B3 (0.90 mg/100 g), B5 (0.40 mg/100 g), B6 (0.15 mg/100 g), B7 (0.006 mg/100 g), B9 (0.04 mg/100 g), and B12 (0.001 mg/100 g). Further, elemental analysis through ICP-MS revealed the presence of 10 macro and microelements, with phosphorus (4592.16 mg/100 g), potassium (2683.19 mg/100 g), magnesium (2658.92 mg/100 g), and calcium (1752.83 mg/100 g) being the most abundant. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that differential metabolites were involved in diverse metabolic pathways, including those related to amino acids, vitamins, lipids, purine, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, CoA biosynthesis, and the citrate cycle. The study showed A. cruentus potential for creating functional foods with additional value for the management and prevention of metabolic diseases.