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<p>Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is the most prevalent marine toxin illness globally and disproportionately affects tropical and subtropical regions that rely on fish as a major food source. It is a global concern due to fish importation, tourism in endemic regions, and changes to ocean temperatures leading to the spread of the causative microorganisms into non-endemic regions. CP is caused by the consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins, a class of lipophilic, ladder-framed polyether marine toxins that cause a combination of gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular symptoms. A major constraint in ciguatoxin analysis is the lack of reference materials (RMs), especially for Caribbean ciguatoxins. Caribbean ciguatoxin-5 (C-CTX5) was isolated from <i>Gambierdiscus silvae</i> and quantitated by qNMR. The purified C-CTX5 was accurately diluted and used to prepare a small batch calibration solution RM at a concentration of 0.5 µg/mL. The solution was shown to be homogeneous and demonstrated good stability over 28 days at temperatures up to 23&#xa0;°C. A matrix reference material was prepared using fish tissue (<i>Sphyraena barracuda</i>) naturally incurred with C-CTX1, with concentrations estimated using the C-CTX5 calibration solution. The fish matrix RM was homogeneous, and C-CTX1 remained stable at temperatures up to 4 °C for 28 days. At temperatures above 4 °C, a time-dependent decrease in measured C-CTX1 concentration was observed. Addition of antibiotics and an antioxidant stabilizer was shown to improve both the stability of the fish matrix and measured C-CTX1 content. These successful feasibility studies establish processes for the development of large-scale C-CTX reference materials, which are essential to ensure accurate measurements for both research and regulatory frameworks.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Caribbean ciguatoxin (C-CTX) reference materials: feasibility studies for calibration solutions and fish tissue matrix materials

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月24日

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  • Elizabeth M. Mudge,
  • Bruno C. Garrido,
  • A. Elizabeth Murphy,
  • Alison Robertson,
  • Pearse McCarron

摘要

Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is the most prevalent marine toxin illness globally and disproportionately affects tropical and subtropical regions that rely on fish as a major food source. It is a global concern due to fish importation, tourism in endemic regions, and changes to ocean temperatures leading to the spread of the causative microorganisms into non-endemic regions. CP is caused by the consumption of fish contaminated with ciguatoxins, a class of lipophilic, ladder-framed polyether marine toxins that cause a combination of gastrointestinal, neurological, and cardiovascular symptoms. A major constraint in ciguatoxin analysis is the lack of reference materials (RMs), especially for Caribbean ciguatoxins. Caribbean ciguatoxin-5 (C-CTX5) was isolated from Gambierdiscus silvae and quantitated by qNMR. The purified C-CTX5 was accurately diluted and used to prepare a small batch calibration solution RM at a concentration of 0.5 µg/mL. The solution was shown to be homogeneous and demonstrated good stability over 28 days at temperatures up to 23 °C. A matrix reference material was prepared using fish tissue (Sphyraena barracuda) naturally incurred with C-CTX1, with concentrations estimated using the C-CTX5 calibration solution. The fish matrix RM was homogeneous, and C-CTX1 remained stable at temperatures up to 4 °C for 28 days. At temperatures above 4 °C, a time-dependent decrease in measured C-CTX1 concentration was observed. Addition of antibiotics and an antioxidant stabilizer was shown to improve both the stability of the fish matrix and measured C-CTX1 content. These successful feasibility studies establish processes for the development of large-scale C-CTX reference materials, which are essential to ensure accurate measurements for both research and regulatory frameworks.

Graphical abstract