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<p>A novel and rapid analytical assay based on direct analysis in real-time tandem mass spectrometry (DART-MS/MS) technology was established for quantification of butachlor in this study. The assay incorporated micro-solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE) for sample pretreatment, with acetochlor as an internal standard. Quantification was achieved via transitions from [M + H]<sup>+</sup> precursor ions to primary and secondary fragment ions at <i>m/z</i> 312.1 → 238.0 → 162.1 (butachlor) and 270.1 → 224.1 → 148.0 (acetochlor). This chromatography-free approach eliminated reliance on mobile phases and chromatographic instrumentation, significantly improving analytical throughput (0.4&#xa0;min/sample) while reducing environmental impact. Method validation demonstrated linearity over 0.5–100&#xa0;ng/mL (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> &gt; 0.995), with intra-/inter-day precision &lt; 13.1% and accuracy ranging from −6.00% to 11.0%. The assay was used to evaluate the cellular uptake kinetics of butachlor in MCF-7 cells. These findings underscore the utility of DART-MS/MS assay for rapid environmental and toxicological assessments while highlighting potential safety concerns associated with butachlor exposure. The integration of DART-MS/MS with μ-SPE offers a sustainable alternative to conventional bioanalytical workflows, combining speed, sensitivity, and reduced chemical consumption for ecotoxicological studies.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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High-throughput quantification of butachlor by DART-MS/MS coupled with micro-solid-phase extraction and dual fragmentation to enhance selectivity and sensitivity

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月27日

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  • Huaqiang Li,
  • Feifei Wu,
  • Yuxian Ding,
  • Guozhou Long,
  • Lei Yin

摘要

A novel and rapid analytical assay based on direct analysis in real-time tandem mass spectrometry (DART-MS/MS) technology was established for quantification of butachlor in this study. The assay incorporated micro-solid-phase extraction (μ-SPE) for sample pretreatment, with acetochlor as an internal standard. Quantification was achieved via transitions from [M + H]+ precursor ions to primary and secondary fragment ions at m/z 312.1 → 238.0 → 162.1 (butachlor) and 270.1 → 224.1 → 148.0 (acetochlor). This chromatography-free approach eliminated reliance on mobile phases and chromatographic instrumentation, significantly improving analytical throughput (0.4 min/sample) while reducing environmental impact. Method validation demonstrated linearity over 0.5–100 ng/mL (R2 > 0.995), with intra-/inter-day precision < 13.1% and accuracy ranging from −6.00% to 11.0%. The assay was used to evaluate the cellular uptake kinetics of butachlor in MCF-7 cells. These findings underscore the utility of DART-MS/MS assay for rapid environmental and toxicological assessments while highlighting potential safety concerns associated with butachlor exposure. The integration of DART-MS/MS with μ-SPE offers a sustainable alternative to conventional bioanalytical workflows, combining speed, sensitivity, and reduced chemical consumption for ecotoxicological studies.

Graphical abstract