<p>This theoretical study investigates the photophysical properties and excited-state dynamics of the monocarbonyl curcumin derivative (1E,4E)-1,5-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one (CCM) in aprotic solvents. Using DFT/TD-DFT with the CAM-B3LYP functional and PCM solvation modeling, we analyze the solvent-dependent absorption spectra, <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\pi \rightarrow \pi ^*\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>π</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mo>∗</mo> </msup> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> transition, and the large Stokes shifts observed experimentally. The <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(S_0 \rightarrow S_1\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> transition demonstrates a mixed contribution from locally excited (LE) and intramolecular charge transfer (CT) characters, showing minimal sensitivity to solvent polarity. The CT component accounts for 68–69% of the electronic reorganization, with charge transfer from the N,N-dimethylaniline (donor) units to the divinyl ketone (acceptor) core, as indicated by natural transition orbitals (NTOs) and Hirshfeld population analysis. XMS-CASPT2 multiconfigurational calculations corroborate the TD-DFT picture, revealing a bright <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^1(\pi \pi ^*)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>1</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mo>∗</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> state containing a mixture of LE and CT character. Gas-phase excited-state optimizations show that the lowest excited state is an <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^1(n\pi ^*)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>1</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mo>∗</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> dark state with negligible oscillator strength, while the bright <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^1(\pi \pi ^*)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>1</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mo>∗</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> state lies slightly above it; consequently, fluorescence originates from the relaxed <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^1(\pi \pi ^*)\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mn>1</mn> </mmultiscripts> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>π</mi> <msup> <mi>π</mi> <mo>∗</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> minimum. Large Stokes shift (3607 to 5773&#xa0;cm<InlineEquation ID="IEq9"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(^{-1}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mrow /> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>) has been linearly correlated with solvent polarity by Lippert-Mataga plot (R = 0.985), driven by dipole moment changes (<InlineEquation ID="IEq10"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\Delta \mu \sim 3.1-3.6\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <mn>3.1</mn> <mo>-</mo> <mn>3.6</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> Debye) upon excitation. Calculations reproduce experimental absorption and emission trends, that is, the redshift in polar solvents, and validate CAM-B3LYP for curcumin derivatives. This work elucidates the mixed ICT-LE character in various solvents and provides design insights for fluorophores in sensing and optoelectronics.</p>

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Theoretical insights into the \(\pi \rightarrow \pi ^*\) transition and the large Stokes shift of a curcumin-based chromophore

  • Catharina B. de Araújo,
  • Lennon Rodrigues Oliveira,
  • Danillo Valverde,
  • Rodrigo Gester,
  • Kaline Coutinho,
  • Sylvio Canuto,
  • Vinícius Manzoni

摘要

This theoretical study investigates the photophysical properties and excited-state dynamics of the monocarbonyl curcumin derivative (1E,4E)-1,5-bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one (CCM) in aprotic solvents. Using DFT/TD-DFT with the CAM-B3LYP functional and PCM solvation modeling, we analyze the solvent-dependent absorption spectra, \(\pi \rightarrow \pi ^*\) π π transition, and the large Stokes shifts observed experimentally. The \(S_0 \rightarrow S_1\) S 0 S 1 transition demonstrates a mixed contribution from locally excited (LE) and intramolecular charge transfer (CT) characters, showing minimal sensitivity to solvent polarity. The CT component accounts for 68–69% of the electronic reorganization, with charge transfer from the N,N-dimethylaniline (donor) units to the divinyl ketone (acceptor) core, as indicated by natural transition orbitals (NTOs) and Hirshfeld population analysis. XMS-CASPT2 multiconfigurational calculations corroborate the TD-DFT picture, revealing a bright \(^1(\pi \pi ^*)\) 1 ( π π ) state containing a mixture of LE and CT character. Gas-phase excited-state optimizations show that the lowest excited state is an \(^1(n\pi ^*)\) 1 ( n π ) dark state with negligible oscillator strength, while the bright \(^1(\pi \pi ^*)\) 1 ( π π ) state lies slightly above it; consequently, fluorescence originates from the relaxed \(^1(\pi \pi ^*)\) 1 ( π π ) minimum. Large Stokes shift (3607 to 5773 cm \(^{-1}\) - 1 ) has been linearly correlated with solvent polarity by Lippert-Mataga plot (R = 0.985), driven by dipole moment changes ( \(\Delta \mu \sim 3.1-3.6\) Δ μ 3.1 - 3.6 Debye) upon excitation. Calculations reproduce experimental absorption and emission trends, that is, the redshift in polar solvents, and validate CAM-B3LYP for curcumin derivatives. This work elucidates the mixed ICT-LE character in various solvents and provides design insights for fluorophores in sensing and optoelectronics.