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Rationale <p>The head twitch response (HTR) is a spontaneously occurring behavior in mice that is increased in frequency by serotonergic psychedelics. The mouse HTR is often used as a proxy for psychedelic-like drug effects, but limited information is available about sex differences in HTRs evoked by various classes of psychedelics (i.e., phenethylamines, lysergamides, tryptamines).</p> Objective and methods <p>To examine potential sex differences in responsiveness to structurally-distinct psychedelics, acute effects of subcutaneous 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodo-amphetamine (DOI, 0.03–10&#xa0;mg/kg), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, 0.003–1&#xa0;mg/kg), and 4-phosphoryloxy-<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin, 0.03–10&#xa0;mg/kg) on HTRs were compared in male and female C57BL/6J mice. For comparison, effects of the drugs on locomotor activity and body temperature were also determined.</p> Results <p>Drug potencies for inducing HTRs were similar in males and females for all drugs, with only LSD exhibiting detectable differences due to increased maximal counts in females. Importantly, the maximum number of HTRs observed for all drugs was higher in females, with significant differences between sexes for DOI and LSD. Dose x sex interactions for the dose-response data were statistically significant for psilocybin and LSD, with females displaying more HTRs after the highest or peak doses of all drugs. The acute effects of drugs on locomotion and temperature varied by drug, but were similar in both sexes.</p> Conclusions <p>The present results overall show no substantial sex differences in the potencies to induce HTRs for DOI, LSD, and psilocybin in C57BL/6J mice. However, females uniformly displayed more HTRs at high doses administered across chemotypes. The results further suggest that commonly used doses of psychedelics induce comparable psychedelic-like effects in male and female C57BL/6J mice, but modest differences may emerge at high doses.</p>

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Psychedelic-like effects induced by 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and psilocybin in male and female C57BL/6J mice

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年5月17日

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  • Shelby A. McGriff,
  • Jacquelin C. Hecker,
  • Alexander D. Maitland,
  • John S. Partilla,
  • Michael H. Baumann,
  • Grant C. Glatfelter

摘要

Rationale

The head twitch response (HTR) is a spontaneously occurring behavior in mice that is increased in frequency by serotonergic psychedelics. The mouse HTR is often used as a proxy for psychedelic-like drug effects, but limited information is available about sex differences in HTRs evoked by various classes of psychedelics (i.e., phenethylamines, lysergamides, tryptamines).

Objective and methods

To examine potential sex differences in responsiveness to structurally-distinct psychedelics, acute effects of subcutaneous 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodo-amphetamine (DOI, 0.03–10 mg/kg), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD, 0.003–1 mg/kg), and 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (psilocybin, 0.03–10 mg/kg) on HTRs were compared in male and female C57BL/6J mice. For comparison, effects of the drugs on locomotor activity and body temperature were also determined.

Results

Drug potencies for inducing HTRs were similar in males and females for all drugs, with only LSD exhibiting detectable differences due to increased maximal counts in females. Importantly, the maximum number of HTRs observed for all drugs was higher in females, with significant differences between sexes for DOI and LSD. Dose x sex interactions for the dose-response data were statistically significant for psilocybin and LSD, with females displaying more HTRs after the highest or peak doses of all drugs. The acute effects of drugs on locomotion and temperature varied by drug, but were similar in both sexes.

Conclusions

The present results overall show no substantial sex differences in the potencies to induce HTRs for DOI, LSD, and psilocybin in C57BL/6J mice. However, females uniformly displayed more HTRs at high doses administered across chemotypes. The results further suggest that commonly used doses of psychedelics induce comparable psychedelic-like effects in male and female C57BL/6J mice, but modest differences may emerge at high doses.