<p>Mitochondrial biogenesis, the process by which cells generate new mitochondria, is crucial for maintaining cellular homeostasis, energy production, and overall health. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key factor in both aging and cancer, where it contributes to the decline in cellular function and facilitates the progression of disease. In aging, mitochondrial alterations lead to impaired metabolic function, increased oxidative stress, and cellular senescence. Similarly, cancer cells often exhibit altered mitochondrial dynamics, which support rapid proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Despite their differences, aging and cancer share common molecular mechanisms, particularly in mitochondrial dysregulation, that offer insights into potential therapeutic strategies. Recent research has highlighted the potential of medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds in modulating mitochondrial biogenesis and mitigating dysfunction. Phytochemicals have shown promise in enhancing mitochondrial function, promoting healthy aging, and inhibiting cancer progression. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial biogenesis, its dysregulation in aging and cancer, and the therapeutic potential of plant-based compounds in targeting mitochondrial dysfunction. By understanding the intricate relationship between mitochondria, aging, and cancer, novel therapeutic strategies can be developed to improve cellular health and combat age-related diseases and cancer.</p>