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<p>The rise of antimicrobial resistance to current antibiotics has driven researchers to discover novel natural compounds with antibacterial properties. This study established a sustainable approach for the biofabrication of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) utilizing <i>Ephedra alata</i> leaf extracts conjugated with environmentally friendly, less-toxic, and chitosan (CS), resulting in chitosan (CS)-loaded gold nanoparticles (CS@GNPs). The characterization of GNPs and CS@GNPs is performed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and DLS measurements. This investigation evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the agar diffusion technique using human pathogens. The IC<sub>50</sub> values for ABTS and DPPH were 12.15 ± 0.031&#xa0;μg/mL and 22.14 ± 0.51&#xa0;μg/mL for CS@GNPs. The maximal inhibition of CS@GNPs was 32, 31, 30, and 29&#xa0;mm at a dose of 200&#xa0;μg/mL of CS@GNPs against <i>E. coli</i>, <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, <i>S. aureus</i>, and <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. CS@GNPs demonstrated a superior reduction of MDR bacteria compared to GNPs alone. The anticancer activity showed that the liver HepG2 cancer cell lines exhibited greater sensitivity to the toxicity of CPT + GNPs and CPT + CS@GNPs than non-cancerous fibroblast 3T3 cells. The IC<sub>50</sub> values of CPT + GNPs and CPT + CS@GNPs of HepG2 cancer cell lines were 44.32 and 33.15&#xa0;μg/mL. The research indicates that GNPs and CS@GNPs, in conjunction with CPTGNPs, can efficiently combat cancer at doses where the cisplatin (CPT) proves ineffective, resulting in a significant decrease in the necessary dosage for observed antitumor efficacy.</p>

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Biofabrication of chitosan-loaded gold nanoparticles: investigation of antimicrobial and anticancer activity and its morphological assessment in liver cancer cells

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月27日

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  • Faiz Abdulaziz Alfaiz

摘要

The rise of antimicrobial resistance to current antibiotics has driven researchers to discover novel natural compounds with antibacterial properties. This study established a sustainable approach for the biofabrication of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) utilizing Ephedra alata leaf extracts conjugated with environmentally friendly, less-toxic, and chitosan (CS), resulting in chitosan (CS)-loaded gold nanoparticles (CS@GNPs). The characterization of GNPs and CS@GNPs is performed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and DLS measurements. This investigation evaluated the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the agar diffusion technique using human pathogens. The IC50 values for ABTS and DPPH were 12.15 ± 0.031 μg/mL and 22.14 ± 0.51 μg/mL for CS@GNPs. The maximal inhibition of CS@GNPs was 32, 31, 30, and 29 mm at a dose of 200 μg/mL of CS@GNPs against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. CS@GNPs demonstrated a superior reduction of MDR bacteria compared to GNPs alone. The anticancer activity showed that the liver HepG2 cancer cell lines exhibited greater sensitivity to the toxicity of CPT + GNPs and CPT + CS@GNPs than non-cancerous fibroblast 3T3 cells. The IC50 values of CPT + GNPs and CPT + CS@GNPs of HepG2 cancer cell lines were 44.32 and 33.15 μg/mL. The research indicates that GNPs and CS@GNPs, in conjunction with CPTGNPs, can efficiently combat cancer at doses where the cisplatin (CPT) proves ineffective, resulting in a significant decrease in the necessary dosage for observed antitumor efficacy.