<p>Lead exposure remains a pressing global health concern, particularly due to its pervasive nature in our environment and the associated toxicological risks. This review article explores the multifaceted aspects of lead, including its physical and chemical properties, the epidemiological prevalence of lead poisoning, and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying its toxicity. Clinical manifestations, particularly in occupational settings, highlight the significant health impacts on vulnerable populations. We will discuss current methodologies for the identification and detection of lead, emphasizing the importance of prevention and treatment strategies to mitigate exposure. Given the growing interest in sustainable remediation approaches, microbial remediation techniques are evaluated for their effectiveness in addressing lead contamination. Furthermore, this review underscores the potential of nanoparticles in modifying lead toxicity. Focusing on their role in both in vitro and in vivo conditions, we examine how nanoparticles can influence lead bioavailability and toxicity in various environments, including wastewater, soil, and plants. Our findings suggest that nanoparticles offer innovative solutions for reducing lead’s harmful effects, thus providing a pathway for enhanced environmental and public health protection. This comprehensive review aims to inform researchers, healthcare professionals, and policymakers about the potential of cutting-edge nanotechnology methods in combating lead toxicity and improving health outcomes.</p> Graphic abstract <p></p>