<p>We consider holomorphic foliations by curves on compact complex manifolds, for which we investigate the existence of foliated projective structures (projective structures along the leaves varying holomorphically) that satisfy particular uniformizability properties. Our results show that the singularities of the foliation impose severe restrictions for the existence of such structures. A foliated projective structure separates the singularities of a foliation into parabolic and non-parabolic ones. For a strongly uniformizable foliated projective structure on a compact Kähler manifold, the existence of a single non-degenerate, non-parabolic singularity implies that the foliation is completely integrable. We establish an index theorem that imposes strong cohomological restrictions on the foliations having only non-degenerate singularities that support foliated projective structures making all of them parabolic. As an application of our results, we prove that, on a projective space of arbitrary dimension, a foliation by curves of degree at least two, with only non-degenerate singularities, does not admit a strongly uniformizable foliated projective structure.</p>