The use of new approach methodologies (high-throughput transcriptomics) to study nanoagrochemicals: mechanisms of toxicity of a commercial copper oxychloride to soil model invertebrates (Enchytraeus crypticus)
摘要
Nanoagrochemicals aim to increase safety and sustainability, representing an alternative to conventional agrochemicals. Given the infancy of this field, the risk-benefit analysis for nano-enabled agrochemicals remains unresolved. New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), such as omics, are high on the agenda to move beyond standard hazards, as the investigation of the mechanisms of toxicity deliver valuable information to understand the risks. NUCOP–M®, a Cu-based commercial formulation containing nano-features, was previously assessed in Enchytraeus crypticus (Oligochaeta), impacting survival and reproduction based on the standard OECD Enchytraeid Reproduction Test (28 days) and its extension (56 days). The aim of the present study was to understand the mechanisms of toxicity of NUCOP–M® at sublethal concentrations (100 and 500 mg Cu/kg soil of NUCOP-M®) in short and longer exposure (2, 21 days) using a high-throughput gene expression microarray (NAMs) containing probles for 44,000 genes (a 4 × 44 K microarray). Results showed high transcriptomic response after 21 days exposure, although after 2 days there was an indication of increase in intracellular transport. At 21 days, the gene expression profile was compatible with effects on embryo development, which could be linked to reproductive effects observed at 28- and 56-days of exposure. Several of the genes found up-regulated points towards mitochondrial stress and activation of mechanisms to cope with oxidative stress. This study provides important insights into the mechanisms of toxicity of nanoagrochemicals in non-target species, filling a significant knowledge gap.
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