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<p>Soil contamination by organic pollutants, including petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, and antibiotics, together with toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, and As), represents a persistent global environmental challenge. This review critically examines recent advances in biochar-assisted rhizoremediation integrated with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), with emphasis on the mechanisms governing contaminant removal, immobilization, and soil recovery. Evidence from controlled greenhouse studies demonstrates that the combined application of organic amendments, biochar (BC), compost (CM), and manure (MN), in association with maize can markedly enhance phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil, achieving up to 84% removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), 52% removal of n-alkanes, and 32% removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) after 90 days of remediation under high contamination conditions (30,000&#xa0;mg kg⁻¹ diesel). Beyond reporting remediation efficiencies, the review highlights key mechanistic parameters, including biochar surface area, pore architecture, aromaticity, functional group chemistry, pH buffering capacity, microbial colonization niches, enzymatic stabilization, and rhizosphere-driven gene expression. Biochar alone reduces PAH concentrations by ~ 20–30% primarily through sorption and immobilization, while serving as a biogeochemical interface that stabilizes PGPR and enhances functional degradation pathways. Concurrently, PGPR stimulate plant growth and rhizosphere-driven remediation through biosurfactants, siderophores, ACC deaminase, and phytodegradation. Integrated biochar–PGPR–plant systems therefore promote synergistic adsorption, rhizosphere stimulation, microbially mediated degradation, and reduced heavy-metal mobility via biosorption and phytostabilization. Despite its considerable potential as a scalable and sustainable remediation approach, several challenges persist, including optimization of biochar dosages, potential nutrient immobilization, aging induced alterations in physicochemical properties, and site-specific biotic and abiotic interactions that may influence system performance. Future research should prioritize mechanistically informed biochar–PGPR formulations, standardized evaluation frameworks, and field-scale validation in complex co-contaminated soils.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Deciphering biochar–PGPR–plant synergies for sustainable soil rhizoremediation of organic pollutants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月21日

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  • Aditya Sharma

摘要

Soil contamination by organic pollutants, including petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, and antibiotics, together with toxic heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, and As), represents a persistent global environmental challenge. This review critically examines recent advances in biochar-assisted rhizoremediation integrated with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), with emphasis on the mechanisms governing contaminant removal, immobilization, and soil recovery. Evidence from controlled greenhouse studies demonstrates that the combined application of organic amendments, biochar (BC), compost (CM), and manure (MN), in association with maize can markedly enhance phytoremediation of diesel-contaminated soil, achieving up to 84% removal of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs), 52% removal of n-alkanes, and 32% removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) after 90 days of remediation under high contamination conditions (30,000 mg kg⁻¹ diesel). Beyond reporting remediation efficiencies, the review highlights key mechanistic parameters, including biochar surface area, pore architecture, aromaticity, functional group chemistry, pH buffering capacity, microbial colonization niches, enzymatic stabilization, and rhizosphere-driven gene expression. Biochar alone reduces PAH concentrations by ~ 20–30% primarily through sorption and immobilization, while serving as a biogeochemical interface that stabilizes PGPR and enhances functional degradation pathways. Concurrently, PGPR stimulate plant growth and rhizosphere-driven remediation through biosurfactants, siderophores, ACC deaminase, and phytodegradation. Integrated biochar–PGPR–plant systems therefore promote synergistic adsorption, rhizosphere stimulation, microbially mediated degradation, and reduced heavy-metal mobility via biosorption and phytostabilization. Despite its considerable potential as a scalable and sustainable remediation approach, several challenges persist, including optimization of biochar dosages, potential nutrient immobilization, aging induced alterations in physicochemical properties, and site-specific biotic and abiotic interactions that may influence system performance. Future research should prioritize mechanistically informed biochar–PGPR formulations, standardized evaluation frameworks, and field-scale validation in complex co-contaminated soils.

Graphical abstract