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<p>This critical review evaluates the synergistic potential of biochar, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and biological control agents (BCAs) for sustainable management of basal stem rot (BSR). <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> causes basal stem rot (BSR), a significant issue affecting oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> L.) productivity, resulting in a 50–80% yield loss on approximately 400,000 hectares of oil palm in Southeast Asia. Chemical fungicides have drawbacks, including environmental degradation and pathogen resistance, which necessitate the development of sustainable alternatives. This review combines the information on the current literature on the use of biochar, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and biological control agents (BCAs) as a synergistic and environmentally friendly approach to the suppression of BSR. Biochar increases the soil structure, soil nutrient retention, and microbial habitats, whereas the PGPR increases the nutrient availability and systemic resistance. Biological control agents such as <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i>, <i>Bacillus</i> spp., and <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> suppress <i>Ganoderma boninense</i> through mycoparasitism, antibiotic production, siderophore secretion, and induced systemic resistance. Integrated use of the triad has been reported to reduce BSR incidence by 40–70% and increase fresh fruit bunch yield by 15–35% in nursery and field trials. Nonetheless, there are still problems with dosage, compatibility, and scalability. Further improvements in efficacy are expected through optimization of biochar feedstock, selection and genetic enhancement of microbial strains, and precise timing and method of application, and site-specific formulations tailored to local soil and climate conditions.</p>

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Synergistic effects of biochar and PGPR in enhancing the efficacy of biological control agents against Ganoderma boninense in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis L.): a critical review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月21日

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  • Qudrat Ullah,
  • Muhammad Zeshan,
  • Waqas Haider,
  • Muhammad Waqar,
  • Zaki ul Zaman Asam,
  • Muhammad Zubair,
  • Mujahid Farid

摘要

This critical review evaluates the synergistic potential of biochar, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and biological control agents (BCAs) for sustainable management of basal stem rot (BSR). Ganoderma boninense causes basal stem rot (BSR), a significant issue affecting oil palm (Elaeis guineensis L.) productivity, resulting in a 50–80% yield loss on approximately 400,000 hectares of oil palm in Southeast Asia. Chemical fungicides have drawbacks, including environmental degradation and pathogen resistance, which necessitate the development of sustainable alternatives. This review combines the information on the current literature on the use of biochar, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), and biological control agents (BCAs) as a synergistic and environmentally friendly approach to the suppression of BSR. Biochar increases the soil structure, soil nutrient retention, and microbial habitats, whereas the PGPR increases the nutrient availability and systemic resistance. Biological control agents such as Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus spp., and Pseudomonas fluorescens suppress Ganoderma boninense through mycoparasitism, antibiotic production, siderophore secretion, and induced systemic resistance. Integrated use of the triad has been reported to reduce BSR incidence by 40–70% and increase fresh fruit bunch yield by 15–35% in nursery and field trials. Nonetheless, there are still problems with dosage, compatibility, and scalability. Further improvements in efficacy are expected through optimization of biochar feedstock, selection and genetic enhancement of microbial strains, and precise timing and method of application, and site-specific formulations tailored to local soil and climate conditions.