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<p>This research conducts an inclusive techno-economic assessment of a Hybrid Energy System (HES) based on Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) in the tribal territory of Sanhan, located on the borders of Yemen's center of government, Sana'a. The goal is to raise awareness of the scheme’s economic feasibility, technical viability, and environmental implications. The examination employs the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software to optimize the combination of several energy supplies. Various vital parameters, comprising net present costs (NPC), costs of energy (COE), capital costs (CC), power production and consumption, renewable energy fraction (REF), surplus and unmet load demand power, and emissions, were measured to estimate different schemes of the HES. Furthermore, the goal of the HES is to supply the people of Sanhan with their energy requirements, covering a peak demand of 8.27&#xa0;MW and a daily average load of 78.20 MWh. The findings reveal that the grid-disconnected photovoltaic/diesel generator/battery (PV/DG/BES) system emerges as the optimal choice from a financial perspective, with an NPC of 106 million USD and a COE of 0.1206 $/kWh. This is followed closely by the PV/BES and PV/DG configurations. Despite their higher initial and replacement costs, the hybridized BES/Converter/PV and stand-alone DG setups are economically superior. In terms of sustaining the electric load, the grid-disconnected PV/DG/BES and PV/BES approaches prove to be the most effective. By contrast, the PV/DG configuration shows the highest surplus energy, whereas the PV/BES configuration experiences the greatest energy deficit. From an environmental perspective, the stand-alone PV/BES HES, featuring only RESs (PV and batteries), demonstrates minimal emissions, establishing itself as one of the most environmentally friendly options. The PV/DG/BES system closely follows, with relatively low emissions. In contrast, the grid-disconnected DG-only approach displays the highest total greenhouse gas compounds, categorizing it as the least environmentally friendly choice. Moreover, Sensitivity analysis reveals that the proposed hybrid system remains stable under fuel price fluctuations, with only a marginal COE increase, while PV degradation has a more significant effect—raising COE from 0.1206 $/kWh to 0.1280 $/kWh. This highlights the critical importance of PV quality and maintenance for ensuring long-term economic viability. Likewise, this investigation provides policymakers, scientists, and investors with valuable data to inform decisions on selecting optimal HES configurations, considering technical, economic, and environmental considerations. Additionally, the outcomes of this study are expected to increase awareness among the conflicting parties in Yemen, encouraging them to prioritize the people's interests and work toward ending the current civil war. Moreover, implementing this proposition is anticipated to enhance healthcare, social life, and literacy levels.</p>

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Cost-effective strategies and socioeconomic development in conflict-affected area: a case study on the tribal territory of Sanhan, Yemen

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月26日

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  • Dhaif A. Hadi,
  • Jicheng Liu,
  • Gehan Al-Shaikh,
  • Mustafa M. A. Seedahmed,
  • Omar Busati,
  • Asad Mujeeb

摘要

This research conducts an inclusive techno-economic assessment of a Hybrid Energy System (HES) based on Renewable Energy Resources (RERs) in the tribal territory of Sanhan, located on the borders of Yemen's center of government, Sana'a. The goal is to raise awareness of the scheme’s economic feasibility, technical viability, and environmental implications. The examination employs the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables (HOMER) software to optimize the combination of several energy supplies. Various vital parameters, comprising net present costs (NPC), costs of energy (COE), capital costs (CC), power production and consumption, renewable energy fraction (REF), surplus and unmet load demand power, and emissions, were measured to estimate different schemes of the HES. Furthermore, the goal of the HES is to supply the people of Sanhan with their energy requirements, covering a peak demand of 8.27 MW and a daily average load of 78.20 MWh. The findings reveal that the grid-disconnected photovoltaic/diesel generator/battery (PV/DG/BES) system emerges as the optimal choice from a financial perspective, with an NPC of 106 million USD and a COE of 0.1206 $/kWh. This is followed closely by the PV/BES and PV/DG configurations. Despite their higher initial and replacement costs, the hybridized BES/Converter/PV and stand-alone DG setups are economically superior. In terms of sustaining the electric load, the grid-disconnected PV/DG/BES and PV/BES approaches prove to be the most effective. By contrast, the PV/DG configuration shows the highest surplus energy, whereas the PV/BES configuration experiences the greatest energy deficit. From an environmental perspective, the stand-alone PV/BES HES, featuring only RESs (PV and batteries), demonstrates minimal emissions, establishing itself as one of the most environmentally friendly options. The PV/DG/BES system closely follows, with relatively low emissions. In contrast, the grid-disconnected DG-only approach displays the highest total greenhouse gas compounds, categorizing it as the least environmentally friendly choice. Moreover, Sensitivity analysis reveals that the proposed hybrid system remains stable under fuel price fluctuations, with only a marginal COE increase, while PV degradation has a more significant effect—raising COE from 0.1206 $/kWh to 0.1280 $/kWh. This highlights the critical importance of PV quality and maintenance for ensuring long-term economic viability. Likewise, this investigation provides policymakers, scientists, and investors with valuable data to inform decisions on selecting optimal HES configurations, considering technical, economic, and environmental considerations. Additionally, the outcomes of this study are expected to increase awareness among the conflicting parties in Yemen, encouraging them to prioritize the people's interests and work toward ending the current civil war. Moreover, implementing this proposition is anticipated to enhance healthcare, social life, and literacy levels.