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<p>The growing demand for sustainable energy solutions in Pakistan has necessitated the exploration of hybrid renewable energy systems. This study investigates the optimization of an off-grid hybrid energy system combining solar photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cells to efficiently meet domestic energy needs while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Through simulation, optimization, and cost analysis, an optimal configuration of 8.96&#xa0;kWp solar modules, a 5-kW fuel cell, and a 30-kg hydrogen tank was identified. The hybrid system, primarily powered by solar PV (98%) with fuel cells supplementing (2%), meets a household’s energy demand of 16.09&#xa0;kWh/day. This configuration achieves a levelized cost of electricity of 27.65 rupees per kilowatt-hour, demonstrating both economic viability and environmental sustainability by eliminating carbon dioxide emissions. The results of this techno-economic analysis highlight the potential of hybrid solar PV and fuel cell systems for off-grid power generation in Pakistan. This study underlines the importance of optimizing renewable energy systems to increase the penetration of clean energy in the energy mix while addressing environmental concerns. The findings reveal that distributed power generation systems integrating solar PV, fuel cells, and electrolyzers for hydrogen production can offer a reliable and cost-effective solution to meet household energy demands and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.</p>

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Hybrid solar PV and fuel cell power generation: a techno-economic analysis for domestic consumers in Pakistan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月3日

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  • Abdul Salam,
  • Ghamgeen Izat Rashed,
  • Ghulam Murtaza

摘要

The growing demand for sustainable energy solutions in Pakistan has necessitated the exploration of hybrid renewable energy systems. This study investigates the optimization of an off-grid hybrid energy system combining solar photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cells to efficiently meet domestic energy needs while minimizing greenhouse gas emissions. Through simulation, optimization, and cost analysis, an optimal configuration of 8.96 kWp solar modules, a 5-kW fuel cell, and a 30-kg hydrogen tank was identified. The hybrid system, primarily powered by solar PV (98%) with fuel cells supplementing (2%), meets a household’s energy demand of 16.09 kWh/day. This configuration achieves a levelized cost of electricity of 27.65 rupees per kilowatt-hour, demonstrating both economic viability and environmental sustainability by eliminating carbon dioxide emissions. The results of this techno-economic analysis highlight the potential of hybrid solar PV and fuel cell systems for off-grid power generation in Pakistan. This study underlines the importance of optimizing renewable energy systems to increase the penetration of clean energy in the energy mix while addressing environmental concerns. The findings reveal that distributed power generation systems integrating solar PV, fuel cells, and electrolyzers for hydrogen production can offer a reliable and cost-effective solution to meet household energy demands and reduce reliance on fossil fuels.