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<p>Human capital and skill differences are among the main determinants of income per capita, technology and productivity differences across regions and countries. This paper uses the Phillips and Sul convergence club algorithm to investigate convergence in skilled labor force shares across Turkish regions between 2005 and 2022. The findings highlight that there is no overall convergence in skilled labor shares across Turkish regions and identify two convergence clubs, one consisting of regions with high shares of the skilled labor force and another with relatively low shares of the skilled labor force. The results indicate a regional heterogeneity in the convergence of skilled labor across different geographical clusters. Finally, the IV Probit (IV-GMM) analyses highlight that the likelihood of being part of a highly skilled club (skilled labor force share) significantly increases with GDP per capita, R&amp;D investment per capita, net migration, and the percentage of higher education graduates, and decreases with the agricultural share of production.</p>

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Skilled labor convergence across Turkish regions: a club convergence algorithm approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月16日

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  • Bilge Eriş-Dereli,
  • Mehmet Pinar

摘要

Human capital and skill differences are among the main determinants of income per capita, technology and productivity differences across regions and countries. This paper uses the Phillips and Sul convergence club algorithm to investigate convergence in skilled labor force shares across Turkish regions between 2005 and 2022. The findings highlight that there is no overall convergence in skilled labor shares across Turkish regions and identify two convergence clubs, one consisting of regions with high shares of the skilled labor force and another with relatively low shares of the skilled labor force. The results indicate a regional heterogeneity in the convergence of skilled labor across different geographical clusters. Finally, the IV Probit (IV-GMM) analyses highlight that the likelihood of being part of a highly skilled club (skilled labor force share) significantly increases with GDP per capita, R&D investment per capita, net migration, and the percentage of higher education graduates, and decreases with the agricultural share of production.