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<p>Ceramic bearings are becoming critical enabling components in advanced industries such as aerospace propulsion, high-speed precision spindles, semiconductor manufacturing, harsh-environment machinery, and biomedical devices, where conventional steel bearings increasingly approach their reliability limits. Their low density, high hardness, thermal stability, corrosion resistance, electrical insulation, and biological compatibility provide unique advantages under high-speed, high-temperature, lubricant-deficient, corrosive, and electrically sensitive operating conditions. However, these material advantages can be translated into reliable bearing performance only when ceramic brittleness, sintering shrinkage, residual porosity, dimensional deviation, and machining-induced surface or subsurface damage are effectively controlled. The central finding of this review is that high-performance ceramic bearings require an integrated material–forming–sintering–precision machining route rather than isolated optimization of material properties or individual processing steps. This review establishes a manufacturing-oriented framework for ceramic bearing components by comparing the material characteristics of Si₃N₄, Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, and SiC, analyzing powder forming and densification sintering technologies, and evaluating precision machining and finishing routes for rolling elements, rings, and related components. Particular emphasis is placed on precision finishing because raceway accuracy, rolling-element roundness or sphericity, nanoscale surface roughness, and subsurface damage suppression ultimately determine contact-stress distribution, vibration behavior, and rolling-contact fatigue life. These process–performance relationships show that Si₃N₄-based routes currently provide the most balanced solution for high-speed rolling bearings, whereas Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, and SiC are more suitable for porous air-bearing structures, biomedical or impact-loaded components, and thermally aggressive tribological environments, respectively. Manufacturing trade-offs among densification, grain growth, machinability, surface integrity, geometric freedom, batch consistency, and cost are further summarized to guide application-specific route selection.</p>

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Near net shape forming and advanced manufacturing technologies for precision ceramic bearings and components: a review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月14日

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  • Hongtao Wang,
  • Guang Chen,
  • Wenpeng Jia,
  • Qian Gao,
  • Changxu Wei,
  • Yongquan Sun,
  • Zhe Wang,
  • Yongxiang Su,
  • Chengzu Ren

摘要

Ceramic bearings are becoming critical enabling components in advanced industries such as aerospace propulsion, high-speed precision spindles, semiconductor manufacturing, harsh-environment machinery, and biomedical devices, where conventional steel bearings increasingly approach their reliability limits. Their low density, high hardness, thermal stability, corrosion resistance, electrical insulation, and biological compatibility provide unique advantages under high-speed, high-temperature, lubricant-deficient, corrosive, and electrically sensitive operating conditions. However, these material advantages can be translated into reliable bearing performance only when ceramic brittleness, sintering shrinkage, residual porosity, dimensional deviation, and machining-induced surface or subsurface damage are effectively controlled. The central finding of this review is that high-performance ceramic bearings require an integrated material–forming–sintering–precision machining route rather than isolated optimization of material properties or individual processing steps. This review establishes a manufacturing-oriented framework for ceramic bearing components by comparing the material characteristics of Si₃N₄, Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, and SiC, analyzing powder forming and densification sintering technologies, and evaluating precision machining and finishing routes for rolling elements, rings, and related components. Particular emphasis is placed on precision finishing because raceway accuracy, rolling-element roundness or sphericity, nanoscale surface roughness, and subsurface damage suppression ultimately determine contact-stress distribution, vibration behavior, and rolling-contact fatigue life. These process–performance relationships show that Si₃N₄-based routes currently provide the most balanced solution for high-speed rolling bearings, whereas Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, and SiC are more suitable for porous air-bearing structures, biomedical or impact-loaded components, and thermally aggressive tribological environments, respectively. Manufacturing trade-offs among densification, grain growth, machinability, surface integrity, geometric freedom, batch consistency, and cost are further summarized to guide application-specific route selection.