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<p>This study provides a critical assessment of the clinical viability of 316&#xa0;L stainless-steel biomedical implants manufactured using selective laser melting (SLM). SLM provides extreme control over implant geometry and significantly higher static strength in the resultant components compared with the wrought counterparts. However, the clinical performance of SLM-processed materials is exceptionally sensitive to fatigue and biocorrosion, as a function of residual stresses and process-induced defects. We coin the term “SLM 316L paradox” to describe the compromise of a non-equilibrium microstructure that increases hardness and strength, but in return, introduces weaknesses in the mechanical and electrochemical stability. These weaknesses do not stem directly from the material itself but are closely dependent on the manufacturing process, defect density, and surface quality of the material. This review resolves this contradiction by establishing links between the microstructure, mechanical behaviour, and in vitro and in vivo degradation mechanisms. In conclusion, major research gaps are identified to enable the clinical translation of reliable additively manufactured biomaterials, including predictive modelling, defect mitigation methodologies, and long-term degradation studies of lattice structures, including advanced surface engineering.</p>

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A critical review of selective laser melting of 316 L stainless steel for orthopaedic implants

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Juliana Jumadi,
  • Mohd Shamil Shaari,
  • Muhammad Hafidz Fazli Md Fauadi,
  • Rajan Kumaresan,
  • Agung Premono,
  • Kuldeep K. Saxena,
  • Kumaran Kadirgama,
  • Wan Sharuzi Wan Harun

摘要

This study provides a critical assessment of the clinical viability of 316 L stainless-steel biomedical implants manufactured using selective laser melting (SLM). SLM provides extreme control over implant geometry and significantly higher static strength in the resultant components compared with the wrought counterparts. However, the clinical performance of SLM-processed materials is exceptionally sensitive to fatigue and biocorrosion, as a function of residual stresses and process-induced defects. We coin the term “SLM 316L paradox” to describe the compromise of a non-equilibrium microstructure that increases hardness and strength, but in return, introduces weaknesses in the mechanical and electrochemical stability. These weaknesses do not stem directly from the material itself but are closely dependent on the manufacturing process, defect density, and surface quality of the material. This review resolves this contradiction by establishing links between the microstructure, mechanical behaviour, and in vitro and in vivo degradation mechanisms. In conclusion, major research gaps are identified to enable the clinical translation of reliable additively manufactured biomaterials, including predictive modelling, defect mitigation methodologies, and long-term degradation studies of lattice structures, including advanced surface engineering.