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<p>This review provides a critical analysis of the 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) workflow, focusing on the interplay between hybrid material design and technical reliability. While hybrid systems – integrating alternative binders – enhance sustainability and mechanical performance, their industrial scalability is often hindered by process instabilities. Based on a comprehensive review of more than 100 studies, this paper transitions from a traditional descriptive overview to a rigorous methodological assessment of mixing, pumping, and extrusion stages. Utilizing an engineering-risk framework, we apply SWOT matrices, Ishikawa diagrams, Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) to establish a comprehensive taxonomy of technical failures. The analysis identifies critical vulnerabilities in mixing homogeneity, pressure fluctuations during pumping, and nozzle clogging, which are further validated through three distinct case studies from the literature to ensure reproducibility. The study culminates in a proposed closed-loop risk mitigation strategy for material-technology optimization. By synthesizing fragmented data into a structured reliability model, this review bridges the gap between material science and systems engineering. The findings underscore that the transition to sustainable 3DCP requires not only innovative binders but also a standardized, risk-based approach to equipment synchronization. This work serves as a foundational guide for researchers and industrial stakeholders to anticipate and mitigate process failures in large-scale additive construction.</p>

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Success of hybrid materials 3D printing, technological insights and risk assessment: a critical review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月27日

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  • Salah Eddine Baalal,
  • Fatima Zahra Oulkhir,
  • Iatimad Akhrif,
  • Mostapha El Jai

摘要

This review provides a critical analysis of the 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) workflow, focusing on the interplay between hybrid material design and technical reliability. While hybrid systems – integrating alternative binders – enhance sustainability and mechanical performance, their industrial scalability is often hindered by process instabilities. Based on a comprehensive review of more than 100 studies, this paper transitions from a traditional descriptive overview to a rigorous methodological assessment of mixing, pumping, and extrusion stages. Utilizing an engineering-risk framework, we apply SWOT matrices, Ishikawa diagrams, Failure Mode, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), and Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) to establish a comprehensive taxonomy of technical failures. The analysis identifies critical vulnerabilities in mixing homogeneity, pressure fluctuations during pumping, and nozzle clogging, which are further validated through three distinct case studies from the literature to ensure reproducibility. The study culminates in a proposed closed-loop risk mitigation strategy for material-technology optimization. By synthesizing fragmented data into a structured reliability model, this review bridges the gap between material science and systems engineering. The findings underscore that the transition to sustainable 3DCP requires not only innovative binders but also a standardized, risk-based approach to equipment synchronization. This work serves as a foundational guide for researchers and industrial stakeholders to anticipate and mitigate process failures in large-scale additive construction.