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<p>The increasing industrial use of carbon fibre–reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets has significantly intensified the demand for research aimed at the comprehensive evaluation of their in-service performance. Among the various methods used to assess material properties, tribological analysis is of particular importance, as it enables a detailed understanding of friction and the phenomena occurring during the frictional interaction of CFRPs. This article presents the results of research on the coefficient of friction (COF) of CFRP sheets produced by various methods:&#xa0;autoclave method, infusion method, and by hand lamination with the use of a vacuum bag. The strip drawing test was used to assess the dry friction performance of unidirectional CFRPs. The COF has been determined independently for both sides of CFRP sheets. Countersamples were made of CX stainless steel, 20MnCr5 alloy steel and 15MnCr4 hot-work tool steel using 3D-printing technology with direct metal laser sintering. In general, the COFs of the composites in the nominal pressure range of 4.1–12.2&#xa0;MPa were 0.373–0.595, 0.331–0.544 and 0.286–0.557 for CFRP–CX, CFRP–20MnCr5 and CFRP–15MnCr4, respectively. The COF of CFRPs fabricated using the autoclave method showed a tendency to increase in value with increasing nominal pressure. The highest values of the COF for the entire range of the analysed nominal pressures were observed for the CFRP–CX steel friction pair. For the entire range of nominal pressures, the coefficient of friction of the composite was between 0.407 and 0.523 on rough side and between 0.373 and 0.484 on smooth side. The COF of CFRPs fabricated using the infusion method showed a more stable value over the entire range of analysed pressures compared to CFRPs fabricated using the autoclave method. The values of the COF on the rough side for the friction pairs CFRP–CX, CFRP–20MnCr5 and CFRP–X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5 varied in the range of 0.427–0.52, 0.386–0.445 and 0.42–0.454, respectively. CFRP produced using the manual method showed friction coefficients in the range of 0.474–0.585, 0.405–0.524 and 0.428–0.512 for CFRP–CX, CFRP–20MnCr5 and CFRP–X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5, respectively. The friction process exposed the brittle carbon fibres, their cracks, separation from the matrix and the formation of fibre residues that act as additional abrasive particles. The surface roughness of DMLS-printed tools is the main factor determining frictional resistance and the character of wear on the surface of CFRP plates.</p>

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Friction performance of carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy composites sliding against direct metal laser sintered steel countersamples

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月19日

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  • Tomasz Trzepieciński,
  • Andrzej Kubit,
  • Wojciech Jurczak,
  • Krzysztof Żaba

摘要

The increasing industrial use of carbon fibre–reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets has significantly intensified the demand for research aimed at the comprehensive evaluation of their in-service performance. Among the various methods used to assess material properties, tribological analysis is of particular importance, as it enables a detailed understanding of friction and the phenomena occurring during the frictional interaction of CFRPs. This article presents the results of research on the coefficient of friction (COF) of CFRP sheets produced by various methods: autoclave method, infusion method, and by hand lamination with the use of a vacuum bag. The strip drawing test was used to assess the dry friction performance of unidirectional CFRPs. The COF has been determined independently for both sides of CFRP sheets. Countersamples were made of CX stainless steel, 20MnCr5 alloy steel and 15MnCr4 hot-work tool steel using 3D-printing technology with direct metal laser sintering. In general, the COFs of the composites in the nominal pressure range of 4.1–12.2 MPa were 0.373–0.595, 0.331–0.544 and 0.286–0.557 for CFRP–CX, CFRP–20MnCr5 and CFRP–15MnCr4, respectively. The COF of CFRPs fabricated using the autoclave method showed a tendency to increase in value with increasing nominal pressure. The highest values of the COF for the entire range of the analysed nominal pressures were observed for the CFRP–CX steel friction pair. For the entire range of nominal pressures, the coefficient of friction of the composite was between 0.407 and 0.523 on rough side and between 0.373 and 0.484 on smooth side. The COF of CFRPs fabricated using the infusion method showed a more stable value over the entire range of analysed pressures compared to CFRPs fabricated using the autoclave method. The values of the COF on the rough side for the friction pairs CFRP–CX, CFRP–20MnCr5 and CFRP–X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5 varied in the range of 0.427–0.52, 0.386–0.445 and 0.42–0.454, respectively. CFRP produced using the manual method showed friction coefficients in the range of 0.474–0.585, 0.405–0.524 and 0.428–0.512 for CFRP–CX, CFRP–20MnCr5 and CFRP–X3NiCoMoTi18-9-5, respectively. The friction process exposed the brittle carbon fibres, their cracks, separation from the matrix and the formation of fibre residues that act as additional abrasive particles. The surface roughness of DMLS-printed tools is the main factor determining frictional resistance and the character of wear on the surface of CFRP plates.