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<p>The combination of Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) interfaces with Digital Twin (DT) technology offers promising potential to improve real-time monitoring, control, and human–machine interaction in industrial manufacturing. While prior surveys have broadly explored AR/MR–DT integration, the specific mechanisms enabling bidirectional synchronization between virtual interfaces and physical assets have not been sufficiently synthesized. This study presents a systematic literature review following the PRISMA 2020 methodology, analyzing 28 peer-reviewed studies published between 2021 and mid-2025. A systematic search was carried out across Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore. The review identifies three bidirectional synchronization patterns: real-time state updates, sensor data and UI interaction, and model-driven or event-driven synchronization. From a technological perspective, Unity-based development environments combined with Microsoft HoloLens devices dominate AR/MR implementations. In addition, MQTT and OPC UA are the most adopted communication protocols. Architectural solutions are primarily centralized or hybrid, with limited adoption of standardized interoperability frameworks. Despite increasing research interest, most reported implementations are validated at prototype or pilot scale, with inconsistent latency reporting and limited industrial deployment. The findings highlight key architectural trends, synchronization strategies, and research gaps. It indicates that bidirectional AR/MR–DT synchronization remains at an early stage of industrial maturity and requires further standardization, scalability evaluation, and real-world validation.</p>

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Bidirectional synchronization between AR/MR interfaces and digital twins in industrial manufacturing: a systematic literature review

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月28日

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  • Al Kautsar Permana,
  • Ku Muhammad Naim Ku Khalif,
  • Mak Jyh Yoong,
  • Mohd Faizal Jamlos

摘要

The combination of Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) interfaces with Digital Twin (DT) technology offers promising potential to improve real-time monitoring, control, and human–machine interaction in industrial manufacturing. While prior surveys have broadly explored AR/MR–DT integration, the specific mechanisms enabling bidirectional synchronization between virtual interfaces and physical assets have not been sufficiently synthesized. This study presents a systematic literature review following the PRISMA 2020 methodology, analyzing 28 peer-reviewed studies published between 2021 and mid-2025. A systematic search was carried out across Web of Science, Scopus, and IEEE Xplore. The review identifies three bidirectional synchronization patterns: real-time state updates, sensor data and UI interaction, and model-driven or event-driven synchronization. From a technological perspective, Unity-based development environments combined with Microsoft HoloLens devices dominate AR/MR implementations. In addition, MQTT and OPC UA are the most adopted communication protocols. Architectural solutions are primarily centralized or hybrid, with limited adoption of standardized interoperability frameworks. Despite increasing research interest, most reported implementations are validated at prototype or pilot scale, with inconsistent latency reporting and limited industrial deployment. The findings highlight key architectural trends, synchronization strategies, and research gaps. It indicates that bidirectional AR/MR–DT synchronization remains at an early stage of industrial maturity and requires further standardization, scalability evaluation, and real-world validation.