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<p>During machining processes, a thermal gradient is generated between the upper and lower surfaces of the spindle housing due to the combined thermal effects of the motor, bearings, and cutting coolant. This thermal gradient induces spindle tilt error motion, which degrades machining accuracy. This phenomenon, often overlooked, is particularly pronounced in CNC milling machines utilizing low-temperature coolants. Consequently, this study elucidates the mechanism of spindle tilt in CNC milling machines using low-temperature coolants. An active control method is proposed to mitigate this error, and a corresponding control system is developed and implemented. Experimental validation on a desktop CNC milling machine bed demonstrated that the proposed active control method and system reduced spindle tilt error motion by more than 85%.</p>

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An active control method for thermally gradient-induced tilt error motion to maintain spindle accuracy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Kuo Liu,
  • Di Zhao,
  • Ziyou Ban,
  • Lei Song,
  • Shaowei Jiang,
  • Jianming Li,
  • Lingsheng Han,
  • Yongqing Wang

摘要

During machining processes, a thermal gradient is generated between the upper and lower surfaces of the spindle housing due to the combined thermal effects of the motor, bearings, and cutting coolant. This thermal gradient induces spindle tilt error motion, which degrades machining accuracy. This phenomenon, often overlooked, is particularly pronounced in CNC milling machines utilizing low-temperature coolants. Consequently, this study elucidates the mechanism of spindle tilt in CNC milling machines using low-temperature coolants. An active control method is proposed to mitigate this error, and a corresponding control system is developed and implemented. Experimental validation on a desktop CNC milling machine bed demonstrated that the proposed active control method and system reduced spindle tilt error motion by more than 85%.