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<p>Activating flux (AF) has the potential to improve weld properties and control microstructures, but systematic studies on its application in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of duplex stainless steel (DSS) are still lacking. In this study, CaCO₃, TiO₂, and SiO₂ were used as AFs to analyse the weld geometry, macrohardness, microhardness, and microstructure. The results show that (1) different AFs have different effects on the microhardness distribution, among which TiO₂ significantly improves the microhardness of the weld surface, whereas SiO₂ causes local high hardness points; (2) microstructural analysis reveals that the content of Widmanstattenite under TiO₂ conditions is significantly greater than that under other AFs, especially at the bottom of the weld, whereas the content of intragranular austenite is greater when it is absent; and (3) a comparison of different positions of the same weld revealed that TiO₂ leads to significant microstructural differences, whereas the effects of other AFs are relatively small. Although the above results are preliminary studies, they are valuable for the future application of AFs in additive manufacturing.</p>

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Effects of activating fluxes on geometry, microstructure, and hardness of duplex stainless-steel welds produced by GMAW with 316 L base metal

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月28日

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  • Huifeng Wang,
  • Stefanija Klaric

摘要

Activating flux (AF) has the potential to improve weld properties and control microstructures, but systematic studies on its application in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) of duplex stainless steel (DSS) are still lacking. In this study, CaCO₃, TiO₂, and SiO₂ were used as AFs to analyse the weld geometry, macrohardness, microhardness, and microstructure. The results show that (1) different AFs have different effects on the microhardness distribution, among which TiO₂ significantly improves the microhardness of the weld surface, whereas SiO₂ causes local high hardness points; (2) microstructural analysis reveals that the content of Widmanstattenite under TiO₂ conditions is significantly greater than that under other AFs, especially at the bottom of the weld, whereas the content of intragranular austenite is greater when it is absent; and (3) a comparison of different positions of the same weld revealed that TiO₂ leads to significant microstructural differences, whereas the effects of other AFs are relatively small. Although the above results are preliminary studies, they are valuable for the future application of AFs in additive manufacturing.