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<p>The existing theoretical model of tube bending springback has limited accuracy under warm forming conditions. In order to meet this challenge, a temperature-related springback prediction model is developed by combining the influence of thermal effect on material properties. Firstly, the temperature-driven changes in elastic and plastic behaviors are determined, and then the analytical formulas defining the tensile plastic zone (outer part) and the compressive plastic zone (inner part) during thermomechanical bending are derived. The stress distribution patterns in these areas are systematically described. Based on the principle of mechanical balance in the springback process, a theoretical model for predicting the springback angle of warm bending is established. The prediction accuracy is verified by finite element simulation and experimental test of TC4 titanium alloy tube. The key findings reveal the inverse relationship between forming temperature (25–600℃) and springback, and the rising temperature reduces the elastic recovery ability through material softening. This work clarifies the thermo-mechanical coupling mechanism for controlling springback and provides a basic framework for the precision forming of temperature-sensitive alloy tubes.</p>

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An analytical model for TC4 titanium alloy tube bending springback with experimental and finite element validation considering temperature effects

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月8日

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  • Huitao Li,
  • Zhineng Wang,
  • Weiming Lin,
  • Yaochen Lin

摘要

The existing theoretical model of tube bending springback has limited accuracy under warm forming conditions. In order to meet this challenge, a temperature-related springback prediction model is developed by combining the influence of thermal effect on material properties. Firstly, the temperature-driven changes in elastic and plastic behaviors are determined, and then the analytical formulas defining the tensile plastic zone (outer part) and the compressive plastic zone (inner part) during thermomechanical bending are derived. The stress distribution patterns in these areas are systematically described. Based on the principle of mechanical balance in the springback process, a theoretical model for predicting the springback angle of warm bending is established. The prediction accuracy is verified by finite element simulation and experimental test of TC4 titanium alloy tube. The key findings reveal the inverse relationship between forming temperature (25–600℃) and springback, and the rising temperature reduces the elastic recovery ability through material softening. This work clarifies the thermo-mechanical coupling mechanism for controlling springback and provides a basic framework for the precision forming of temperature-sensitive alloy tubes.