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<p>The current research study analyzes the influence of short-circuit (SC) and spray transfer modes on the microstructure of a 445 ferritic stainless steel. The amount of δ-ferrite in the fusion zone (FZ) was determined according to the transfer mode in the GMAW welding process. The ferritic-austenitic system studied exhibits microstructural differences in the distribution and morphology of the δ-ferrite phase depending on the transfer mode. An increase in heat input (HI) by spray transfer mode allows a decrease in δ-ferrite, as a volumetric percentage of <i>d</i>-ferrite of 15.95 ± 3.87% and a volumetric percentage of total ferrite of 75.4 ± 1.53% were reported, due to the fact that under this condition, epitaxial growth of ferritic grains of the base metal (α-ferrite) was evidenced. In contrast, with the short-circuit transfer mode, an approximate volumetric percentage of 20–30% of δ-ferrite is obtained without the presence of α-ferrite in the FZ. Additionally, the diffusive phenomena of Cr, Ni, and Fe are similar regardless of the transfer mode. Finally, the short-circuit transfer mode produces a lower percentage of dilution (27.5%) and larger contact angles (80 and 89° on each side), which promote greater stress concentration. However, a favorable microstructural condition is generated, with reduced HI and a homogeneous distribution of δ-ferrite in the weld bead, avoiding zones of excessive grain growth in the FZ that compromise the integrity of the weld bead.</p>

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Effect of GMAW short-circuit and spray transfer mode on the weld microstructure of an AISI 445 stainless steel

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月26日

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  • José Gerardo Granados-Sánchez,
  • Francisco Reyes-Calderón,
  • Nereyda Alcantar-Mondragón,
  • Víctor García-García,
  • José Jorge Tena-Martínez

摘要

The current research study analyzes the influence of short-circuit (SC) and spray transfer modes on the microstructure of a 445 ferritic stainless steel. The amount of δ-ferrite in the fusion zone (FZ) was determined according to the transfer mode in the GMAW welding process. The ferritic-austenitic system studied exhibits microstructural differences in the distribution and morphology of the δ-ferrite phase depending on the transfer mode. An increase in heat input (HI) by spray transfer mode allows a decrease in δ-ferrite, as a volumetric percentage of d-ferrite of 15.95 ± 3.87% and a volumetric percentage of total ferrite of 75.4 ± 1.53% were reported, due to the fact that under this condition, epitaxial growth of ferritic grains of the base metal (α-ferrite) was evidenced. In contrast, with the short-circuit transfer mode, an approximate volumetric percentage of 20–30% of δ-ferrite is obtained without the presence of α-ferrite in the FZ. Additionally, the diffusive phenomena of Cr, Ni, and Fe are similar regardless of the transfer mode. Finally, the short-circuit transfer mode produces a lower percentage of dilution (27.5%) and larger contact angles (80 and 89° on each side), which promote greater stress concentration. However, a favorable microstructural condition is generated, with reduced HI and a homogeneous distribution of δ-ferrite in the weld bead, avoiding zones of excessive grain growth in the FZ that compromise the integrity of the weld bead.