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<p>In this study, functionally graded materials (FGMs) composed of Inconel 718 (IN718) and 316L stainless steel were fabricated using additive-subtractive hybrid manufacturing (ASHM) based on laser directed energy deposition (LDED) technology. During the additive manufacturing (AM) process, different interlayer dwell times (IDTs) were employed to investigate their effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the specimens. In the subtractive manufacturing (SM) stage, milling was used as a surface finishing technique, with varying milling depths to examine their impact on surface roughness and milling forces. Microstructural analysis revealed a smooth transition between the two materials without apparent defects. As the IDT increased, grain morphology evolved from columnar to equiaxed structures (CET), accompanied by grain refinement. Hardness tests showed a significant improvement in the 316L/IN718 interface region and the overall specimen, with a 28.08% increase in overall hardness observed at an IDT of 480&#xa0;s. Tensile tests demonstrated that at this IDT, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and elongation (EL) improved by 38.91%, 47.40%, and 12.91%, respectively. Additionally, both milling force and surface roughness exhibited an increasing trend with greater milling depth. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for optimizing process parameters and enhancing material performance in the manufacturing of FGMs using ASHM technology.</p>

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Effect of interlayer dwell time on microstructure and mechanical properties in additive-subtractive hybrid manufacturing of 316L/IN718 gradient materials

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月16日

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  • Yuying Yang,
  • Jiakang Zong,
  • Zhaoqiang Chen,
  • Guangchun Xiao,
  • Ziyu Zhang,
  • Yongqian Yang,
  • Mingdong Yi,
  • Chonghai Xu

摘要

In this study, functionally graded materials (FGMs) composed of Inconel 718 (IN718) and 316L stainless steel were fabricated using additive-subtractive hybrid manufacturing (ASHM) based on laser directed energy deposition (LDED) technology. During the additive manufacturing (AM) process, different interlayer dwell times (IDTs) were employed to investigate their effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the specimens. In the subtractive manufacturing (SM) stage, milling was used as a surface finishing technique, with varying milling depths to examine their impact on surface roughness and milling forces. Microstructural analysis revealed a smooth transition between the two materials without apparent defects. As the IDT increased, grain morphology evolved from columnar to equiaxed structures (CET), accompanied by grain refinement. Hardness tests showed a significant improvement in the 316L/IN718 interface region and the overall specimen, with a 28.08% increase in overall hardness observed at an IDT of 480 s. Tensile tests demonstrated that at this IDT, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS), and elongation (EL) improved by 38.91%, 47.40%, and 12.91%, respectively. Additionally, both milling force and surface roughness exhibited an increasing trend with greater milling depth. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for optimizing process parameters and enhancing material performance in the manufacturing of FGMs using ASHM technology.