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<p>4D printing is an innovative development in 3D printing, where active materials are used to create intelligent materials that can respond to stimuli such as heat, light, and magnetic fields. The 4D printing technique is being studied for use in many different areas. This study investigates two distinct functions: deployable applications and energy absorption capabilities. It assesses the potential of 4D printing alongside the energy-absorbing properties of honeycomb lattice structures fabricated from a blend of polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The research focuses on the effects of different TPU volume fractions (0%, 20%, and 60%) on shape memory and energy absorption of multi-materials by integrating TPU rasters within the PLA outline walls. To evaluate the pertinent properties, shape memory and compression tests were performed. The energy absorption up to the initial peak and the densification were assessed through the compression tests. Findings revealed that a lattice structure composed solely of PLA demonstrated the highest energy absorption. The configuration with a 20% TPU volume fraction, i.e., one TPU raster positioned between the PLA infill, was determined to be the most effective lattice structure for shape memory and impact protection, as indicated by the analysis of the shape memory index, energy absorption, and plateau stress. 4D printing, which integrates time-dependent behavior into 3D-printed materials, offers significant potential in deployable systems and impact protection. Shape memory tests revealed maximum fixity and recovery ratios of 94% and 97%, respectively. The shape memory index (SMI) reached its highest value (77%) in the 1 TPU raster configuration (20% TPU). Compression tests after recovery indicated the pure PLA lattice exhibited the highest plateau stress (8.31&#xa0;MPa) and EA up to densification (48.1&#xa0;J). Optimization using desirability function analysis (DFA) identified 1 TPU raster as the optimal configuration. This study contributes to designing multifunctional, recoverable structures for impact mitigation.</p>

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An experimental study on shape memory behavior and energy absorption of additively manufactured multi-material honeycomb lattice structures

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月2日

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  • Reza Gholizadeh Ledari,
  • Abbas Zolfaghari,
  • Pouyan Ghabezi

摘要

4D printing is an innovative development in 3D printing, where active materials are used to create intelligent materials that can respond to stimuli such as heat, light, and magnetic fields. The 4D printing technique is being studied for use in many different areas. This study investigates two distinct functions: deployable applications and energy absorption capabilities. It assesses the potential of 4D printing alongside the energy-absorbing properties of honeycomb lattice structures fabricated from a blend of polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The research focuses on the effects of different TPU volume fractions (0%, 20%, and 60%) on shape memory and energy absorption of multi-materials by integrating TPU rasters within the PLA outline walls. To evaluate the pertinent properties, shape memory and compression tests were performed. The energy absorption up to the initial peak and the densification were assessed through the compression tests. Findings revealed that a lattice structure composed solely of PLA demonstrated the highest energy absorption. The configuration with a 20% TPU volume fraction, i.e., one TPU raster positioned between the PLA infill, was determined to be the most effective lattice structure for shape memory and impact protection, as indicated by the analysis of the shape memory index, energy absorption, and plateau stress. 4D printing, which integrates time-dependent behavior into 3D-printed materials, offers significant potential in deployable systems and impact protection. Shape memory tests revealed maximum fixity and recovery ratios of 94% and 97%, respectively. The shape memory index (SMI) reached its highest value (77%) in the 1 TPU raster configuration (20% TPU). Compression tests after recovery indicated the pure PLA lattice exhibited the highest plateau stress (8.31 MPa) and EA up to densification (48.1 J). Optimization using desirability function analysis (DFA) identified 1 TPU raster as the optimal configuration. This study contributes to designing multifunctional, recoverable structures for impact mitigation.