<p>The study refers to a comprehensive analysis of the occurrence of defects in forgings constituting elements of window fittings, for which, in the process of their production through precision die forging in a six-impression system at elevated temperatures on a hydraulic hammer, we observe bending of the whole forged element and tilting of the stem (a conical element protruding in a plane perpendicular to the main axis of the forging) in the particular forgings. The investigations included analysis of the technology of precision forging on a hydraulic hammer with an energy of 16 kJ, advanced numerical simulations of the process with the use of a calculation package Forge 3.0 NxT, and dynamic tests of mutual displacement of tools performed by means of a high-speed measurement camera. Preliminary analysis of the process showed that, for forgings with a narrowed dimensional and shape tolerance, produced dynamically on a hammer, the key role is played by elastic deformations as well as the construction of the dies and the geometry of the working impressions, and also the changing tribological conditions. For this reason, multi-variant numerical simulations, including two variants of tools (the standard process and the so-called broken perpendicular flash), were carried out, which made it possible to determine the temperature and forging force distribution in the tools as well as the correctness of the deformed forging material’s flow, the filling of the working impressions, and the defects in the forgings. Next, with the use of a high-speed camera, measurements of the relative displacement of the dies were performed, which showed that a proper change in the construction (geometry) of the tools and the use of locks positively affects the minimization of the displacements and thus increases the quality and dimensional and shape precision. The proposed approach using numerical simulations and dynamic measurements of displacements allows for a relatively quick analysis and the introduction of necessary changes in the technology, including modifications of the construction and geometry, in order to minimize the forging defects. That said, the obtained results did not unequivocally point to one specific optimal solution; therefore, the issue of a total elimination of forging defects is still open and constitutes a scientific challenge. And so, further research and verification studies are required to improve the current forging technology and eliminate forging defects in multiple systems in longer operational periods.</p>

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Analysis and improvement of the hot precision forging technology for forgings with a transverse protrusion produced in multiple systems

  • Łukasz Dudkieiwcz,
  • Marek Hawryluk,
  • Sławomir Polak,
  • Paweł Kaczyński,
  • Maciej Suliga,
  • Jacek Ziemba

摘要

The study refers to a comprehensive analysis of the occurrence of defects in forgings constituting elements of window fittings, for which, in the process of their production through precision die forging in a six-impression system at elevated temperatures on a hydraulic hammer, we observe bending of the whole forged element and tilting of the stem (a conical element protruding in a plane perpendicular to the main axis of the forging) in the particular forgings. The investigations included analysis of the technology of precision forging on a hydraulic hammer with an energy of 16 kJ, advanced numerical simulations of the process with the use of a calculation package Forge 3.0 NxT, and dynamic tests of mutual displacement of tools performed by means of a high-speed measurement camera. Preliminary analysis of the process showed that, for forgings with a narrowed dimensional and shape tolerance, produced dynamically on a hammer, the key role is played by elastic deformations as well as the construction of the dies and the geometry of the working impressions, and also the changing tribological conditions. For this reason, multi-variant numerical simulations, including two variants of tools (the standard process and the so-called broken perpendicular flash), were carried out, which made it possible to determine the temperature and forging force distribution in the tools as well as the correctness of the deformed forging material’s flow, the filling of the working impressions, and the defects in the forgings. Next, with the use of a high-speed camera, measurements of the relative displacement of the dies were performed, which showed that a proper change in the construction (geometry) of the tools and the use of locks positively affects the minimization of the displacements and thus increases the quality and dimensional and shape precision. The proposed approach using numerical simulations and dynamic measurements of displacements allows for a relatively quick analysis and the introduction of necessary changes in the technology, including modifications of the construction and geometry, in order to minimize the forging defects. That said, the obtained results did not unequivocally point to one specific optimal solution; therefore, the issue of a total elimination of forging defects is still open and constitutes a scientific challenge. And so, further research and verification studies are required to improve the current forging technology and eliminate forging defects in multiple systems in longer operational periods.