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<p>This study examines the impact of deposition parameters on the geometric, mechanical, and metallurgical properties of 316L stainless steel produced via Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) using the controlled short-circuit Gas Metal Arc (GMAW) process (GMAW-CCC). A comprehensive factorial design evaluated the impact of shielding gas flow rate (SGFR), torch travel speed (TS), and wire feed rate (WFR) on critical performance indicators. The optimal parameter combination, determined to be a shielding gas flow rate of 16 L·min<sup>−1</sup>, a torch travel speed of 300 mm·min<sup>−1</sup>, and a wire feed rate of 4 m·min<sup>−1</sup>, resulted in deposits with a width of 5.59 mm, a reinforcement of 3.60 mm, and minimal dilution of 4.15%. This configuration also demonstrated superior arc regularity, as evidenced by the lowest Vilarinho Index (IVsc = 0.72). Utilizing these parameters, a defect-free, multi-layer wall was fabricated, exhibiting an average hardness of 189 HV, with a maximum of 201.8 HV at the base—6.8% higher than the overall average—and a minimum of 141.2 HV in the central region—25% lower than the base. Tensile tests revealed anisotropic behavior: vertically oriented specimens displayed a UTS of 734 MPa, approximately 21% higher than horizontally oriented specimens (606 MPa). However, the horizontally oriented specimens demonstrated a 44% greater elongation (26.75% vs. 18.52%). Microstructural analysis identified a transition from columnar to cellular dendritic structures along the build direction, while fractographic examination confirmed ductile fracture modes with variations in dimple size and density.</p>

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Analysis of arc regularity and selection of process parameters for WAAM of 316L-Si stainless steel by GMAW-CCC

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年3月13日

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  • Jefferson Segundo de Lima,
  • Joyce Ingrid Venceslau de Souto,
  • Renato Alexandre Costa de Santana,
  • Edwar Andrés Torres López,
  • João Pedro Oliveira,
  • Tiago Felipe de Abreu Santos

摘要

This study examines the impact of deposition parameters on the geometric, mechanical, and metallurgical properties of 316L stainless steel produced via Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) using the controlled short-circuit Gas Metal Arc (GMAW) process (GMAW-CCC). A comprehensive factorial design evaluated the impact of shielding gas flow rate (SGFR), torch travel speed (TS), and wire feed rate (WFR) on critical performance indicators. The optimal parameter combination, determined to be a shielding gas flow rate of 16 L·min−1, a torch travel speed of 300 mm·min−1, and a wire feed rate of 4 m·min−1, resulted in deposits with a width of 5.59 mm, a reinforcement of 3.60 mm, and minimal dilution of 4.15%. This configuration also demonstrated superior arc regularity, as evidenced by the lowest Vilarinho Index (IVsc = 0.72). Utilizing these parameters, a defect-free, multi-layer wall was fabricated, exhibiting an average hardness of 189 HV, with a maximum of 201.8 HV at the base—6.8% higher than the overall average—and a minimum of 141.2 HV in the central region—25% lower than the base. Tensile tests revealed anisotropic behavior: vertically oriented specimens displayed a UTS of 734 MPa, approximately 21% higher than horizontally oriented specimens (606 MPa). However, the horizontally oriented specimens demonstrated a 44% greater elongation (26.75% vs. 18.52%). Microstructural analysis identified a transition from columnar to cellular dendritic structures along the build direction, while fractographic examination confirmed ductile fracture modes with variations in dimple size and density.