<p>Under complex alternating loads, the bearing hole chamfer is susceptible to fatigue cracks as this is a common concentration detail in aircraft structure. However, due to the small size and small inclination angle, it is difficult to strengthen the hole chamfer by general strengthening methods, and it is usually accompanied by poor dimensional accuracy. This paper proposes a high-precision, high-coverage ultrasonic peening process to improve the surface performance of the hole edge chamfer. Kinematic analysis for ultrasonic peening of hole chamfer using a theoretical model was developed to study the surface generation mechanism of the strengthening process under different strengthening parameters. In addition, the effects of preload depth, spindle speed, and coverage times on surface integrity, including surface roughness, plastic deformation layer depth, and residual stress, were also investigated and compared with kinematic analysis. The best reinforcement parameters were selected according to the surface integrity results for the edge chamfer of 45 steel holes. The results show that the surface roughness of the hole edge chamfer increased significantly, while the plastic deformation layer depth and the residual stress are mainly influenced by preload depth.</p>