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<p>The accurate computational prediction of bone adaptation models primarily depends on loading events that are physiologically relevant. Most previous research has been confined to bone remodelling simulations involving simplified loading instances or focused on specific sections of the femur, particularly the proximal femur. The extent to which different cyclic, time-dependent loadings that occur during daily activities in the human femur affect its functional adaptation has yet to be thoroughly investigated. The objective of this research is to comprehensively analyze the remodelling response of the femur under the combined effects of axial compression, bending, and torsional cyclic loading experienced during different physiological activities, such as walking, stair climbing, jogging, and stumbling. This is achieved by developing a 3D FE model of human femur and employing the diffusion-based continuum bone remodelling approach to predict bone density patterns. The 3D femur is described as a deformable generalized continuum that incorporates porosity and finite deformation with a nonlinear constitutive model. Overall, results revealed significant influence of distinct activity-induced mechanical loads on remodelling dynamics of the 3D femur. The dynamic mechanical loading encountered by the femur in jogging and stumbling activity leads to elevated bone density when compared to stair climbing and walking activity. The distal diaphyseal region experiences the highest gain in bone density, whereas the greater trochanter exhibits poor adaptation response, regardless of loading activity. The findings of the study are beneficial for clinicians in mitigating fracture risk among patients by providing recommendations on clinical intervention strategies based on physical activities.</p>

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Investigating the functional adaptation response of a fully three-dimensional femur under dynamic loading during distinct physiological activities

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月1日

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  • Minku,
  • Koffi Enakoutsa,
  • Ivan Giorgio,
  • Rachele Allena

摘要

The accurate computational prediction of bone adaptation models primarily depends on loading events that are physiologically relevant. Most previous research has been confined to bone remodelling simulations involving simplified loading instances or focused on specific sections of the femur, particularly the proximal femur. The extent to which different cyclic, time-dependent loadings that occur during daily activities in the human femur affect its functional adaptation has yet to be thoroughly investigated. The objective of this research is to comprehensively analyze the remodelling response of the femur under the combined effects of axial compression, bending, and torsional cyclic loading experienced during different physiological activities, such as walking, stair climbing, jogging, and stumbling. This is achieved by developing a 3D FE model of human femur and employing the diffusion-based continuum bone remodelling approach to predict bone density patterns. The 3D femur is described as a deformable generalized continuum that incorporates porosity and finite deformation with a nonlinear constitutive model. Overall, results revealed significant influence of distinct activity-induced mechanical loads on remodelling dynamics of the 3D femur. The dynamic mechanical loading encountered by the femur in jogging and stumbling activity leads to elevated bone density when compared to stair climbing and walking activity. The distal diaphyseal region experiences the highest gain in bone density, whereas the greater trochanter exhibits poor adaptation response, regardless of loading activity. The findings of the study are beneficial for clinicians in mitigating fracture risk among patients by providing recommendations on clinical intervention strategies based on physical activities.