<p>Medical digital twin technology leverages big data to create virtual twin models of the entire human body or partial organs. Physicians can utilize these digital twins of patients to simulate disease progression, thereby determining optimal treatment and prevention strategies. We conducted a case study on the current clinical application of medical digital twin technology in China using carotid endarterectomy at Ruijin Hospital as an example. While medical digital twin technology, as an emerging technology, brings promise to personalized medicine, it relies on the collection of physical data, necessitating patients to cede their rights to their physical data for better treatment. This may lead to the emergence of a new “Leviathan” and result in severe consequences. To delve deeper into this issue, we believe it is necessary to examine the concept of self-preservation, which is the foundation for the birth of “Leviathan.” Driven by self-preservation, individuals cede their natural rights to a supreme authority—Leviathan—through social contracts. However, the concentration of power may lead to tyranny and pose a threat to self-preservation. Compared to traditional medical technologies, medical digital twin technology enables comprehensive monitoring and covert discipline of patients, which potentially leads to data centralization and biopolitical rule. This “Leviathan” may bring numerous consequences. In the end of this paper, we propose several potential mitigation strategies, including strictly regulating the boundaries of rights ceded, employing dynamic informed consent, and constructing a comprehensive medical power restraint system.</p>