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Purpose <p>Environmental sustainability has become a critical concern across various sectors, including education and healthcare. Professional training programmes, particularly in intensive care medicine, are essential for maintaining competency but often lack consideration of their environmental impact. This study was conducted by European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) and investigated the carbon footprints of three distinct training modalities: in-person alternative distance training, online training, and virtual reality (VR) training.</p> Methods <p>Data from 116 participants in ESICM training programs were used to estimate CO<sub>2</sub> emissions for each training modality, considering travel distances, transportation modes, and standardized emission factors.</p> Results <p>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions were significantly lower for both online (median: 43&#xa0;kg per participant, interquartile range: 32–64&#xa0;kg) and VR training (median: 43&#xa0;kg, interquartile range: 28–56&#xa0;kg) compared to in-person training (median: 429&#xa0;kg, interquartile range: 345–490&#xa0;kg; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001 for both comparisons). No significant difference was found between online and VR training (<i>p</i> = 0.893) in terms of CO<sub>2</sub> emission.</p> Conclusion <p>The findings highlight the environmental benefits of digital education modalities, contributing to a significant reduction in CO<sub>2</sub> regarding online and VR training compared to in-person alternatives.</p> Visual abstract <p></p>

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The environmental cost of learning: CO2 emission comparisons of virtual reality, online, and alternative distance education

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月2日

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  • Gizella Melania Istrate,
  • Frank Van Gelder,
  • Gergő József Szőllősi,
  • Roel Gevaers,
  • Anita Barth,
  • Pedro Povoa,
  • Marlies Ostermann,
  • Jan De Waele,
  • Xavier Monnet

摘要

Purpose

Environmental sustainability has become a critical concern across various sectors, including education and healthcare. Professional training programmes, particularly in intensive care medicine, are essential for maintaining competency but often lack consideration of their environmental impact. This study was conducted by European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) and investigated the carbon footprints of three distinct training modalities: in-person alternative distance training, online training, and virtual reality (VR) training.

Methods

Data from 116 participants in ESICM training programs were used to estimate CO2 emissions for each training modality, considering travel distances, transportation modes, and standardized emission factors.

Results

CO2 emissions were significantly lower for both online (median: 43 kg per participant, interquartile range: 32–64 kg) and VR training (median: 43 kg, interquartile range: 28–56 kg) compared to in-person training (median: 429 kg, interquartile range: 345–490 kg; p < 0.001 for both comparisons). No significant difference was found between online and VR training (p = 0.893) in terms of CO2 emission.

Conclusion

The findings highlight the environmental benefits of digital education modalities, contributing to a significant reduction in CO2 regarding online and VR training compared to in-person alternatives.

Visual abstract