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<p>2-Acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene (2A6MN) is an important photoproduct of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen (NPX) with high ecotoxicity. Herein, we determined the formation yields of 2A6MN from NPX transformation through various photoreaction pathways (including direct photolysis and reactions with hydroxyl radical (HO·), carbonate radical (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>·−</sup>), and the triplet state of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (<sup>3</sup>CDOM<sup>*</sup>)), and identified the critical environmental factors affecting its formation through photochemical modeling. Results show that the primary photochemical pathways for the formation of 2A6MN included reactions with <sup>3</sup>CDOM<sup>*</sup> (44.8%), CO<sub>3</sub><sup>·−</sup> (41.3%), and direct photolysis (18.1%). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was the critical environmental factor influencing the formation of 2A6MN. However, water depth, nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>) and nitrite (NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>) concentrations hardly affected the overall formation yields of 2A6MN. Results elucidate the characteristics of water bodies susceptible to the formation of ecotoxicologically relevant photoproduct, and permit a better assessment of the environmental risks and fate of NPX.</p>

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The Ecotoxicologically Relevant Photoproduct of Naproxen: Formation Yields via Distinct Photochemical Pathways and Modeling Simulation of Its Occurrence in Natural Waters

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月27日

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  • Xiaoci Li,
  • Yulian Gao,
  • Jing Chen,
  • Jean-Marc Chovelon,
  • Yuefei Ji

摘要

2-Acetyl-6-methoxynaphthalene (2A6MN) is an important photoproduct of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug naproxen (NPX) with high ecotoxicity. Herein, we determined the formation yields of 2A6MN from NPX transformation through various photoreaction pathways (including direct photolysis and reactions with hydroxyl radical (HO·), carbonate radical (CO3·−), and the triplet state of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (3CDOM*)), and identified the critical environmental factors affecting its formation through photochemical modeling. Results show that the primary photochemical pathways for the formation of 2A6MN included reactions with 3CDOM* (44.8%), CO3·− (41.3%), and direct photolysis (18.1%). Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was the critical environmental factor influencing the formation of 2A6MN. However, water depth, nitrate (NO3−) and nitrite (NO2−) concentrations hardly affected the overall formation yields of 2A6MN. Results elucidate the characteristics of water bodies susceptible to the formation of ecotoxicologically relevant photoproduct, and permit a better assessment of the environmental risks and fate of NPX.