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<p>Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) used as ingredients in sunscreens, personal care products (PCPs) and industrial products are persistent, bioaccumulative contaminants of growing concern. Information on the occurrence and health risk assessment of OUVFs in fish from freshwater environments in Nigeria is lacking. We investigated the occurrence and potential health risk of four OUVFs (benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), avobenzone (AVO) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC)) in six different fish species from Dandaru River and Eleyele Lake in Ibadan, Nigeria. A modified QuEChERS extraction, in combination with a dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up, was used and instrumental analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Human health risk was evaluated for three different age groups (adult, children and infant) using standard models and indices. The concentration levels of target OUVFs (35.07–44.68&#xa0;ng/g for BP-3, 40.19–48.88&#xa0;ng/g for 4-MBC and 31.79–45.29&#xa0;ng/g for AVO) were quantified in the fish samples from both water bodies. Hazard index (HI) values of target OUVFs for the consumption of fish collected from Dandaru River and Eleyele Lake ranged from 0.058 to 0.669 and 0.056–0.867, respectively. The HI values obtained for all the investigated fish species were below safety thresholds for all age groups, suggesting non-carcinogenic risk was not evident. The findings emphasize the need for sufficient regulation of OUVFs usage in Nigeria and their discharge into the environment to avoid potential health risk to humans.</p>

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Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Organic UV Filters in Freshwater Fish Species in Ibadan, Nigeria

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Akinranti S. Ajibola,
  • Daniel A. Olabanji,
  • Gloria A. Otokpa

摘要

Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) used as ingredients in sunscreens, personal care products (PCPs) and industrial products are persistent, bioaccumulative contaminants of growing concern. Information on the occurrence and health risk assessment of OUVFs in fish from freshwater environments in Nigeria is lacking. We investigated the occurrence and potential health risk of four OUVFs (benzophenone-3 (BP-3), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), avobenzone (AVO) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC)) in six different fish species from Dandaru River and Eleyele Lake in Ibadan, Nigeria. A modified QuEChERS extraction, in combination with a dispersive solid phase extraction (d-SPE) clean-up, was used and instrumental analysis was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Human health risk was evaluated for three different age groups (adult, children and infant) using standard models and indices. The concentration levels of target OUVFs (35.07–44.68 ng/g for BP-3, 40.19–48.88 ng/g for 4-MBC and 31.79–45.29 ng/g for AVO) were quantified in the fish samples from both water bodies. Hazard index (HI) values of target OUVFs for the consumption of fish collected from Dandaru River and Eleyele Lake ranged from 0.058 to 0.669 and 0.056–0.867, respectively. The HI values obtained for all the investigated fish species were below safety thresholds for all age groups, suggesting non-carcinogenic risk was not evident. The findings emphasize the need for sufficient regulation of OUVFs usage in Nigeria and their discharge into the environment to avoid potential health risk to humans.