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<p>Petroleum refining is a high-risk process with significant potential for soil contamination. In this study, we applied Geodetector software to identify the spatial drivers of six contaminants of concern (COC): vinyl chloride (VC), 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), naphthalene (NAP), dibenzo(<i>a</i>,<i>h</i>)anthracene (DBA), and petroleum hydrocarbons (C10–C40) at a representative refinery in China. Soil sampling (<i>n</i> = 496) revealed distinct vertical distributions: VC/TCP penetrated deeper aquifers (1.5 m) than did polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (BaP/DBA &lt; 1.0&#xa0;m). Geographic detector (GD) analysis revealed significant drivers (q &gt; 0.1, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and showed that storage tanks emerged as the dominant driver for VC (q = 0.182), BaP (q = 0.369), NAP (q = 0.653), and C10–C40 (q = 0.680) distributions, while process units predominantly governed DBA (q = 0.389) dispersion. Notably, TCP exhibited no significant association with the assessed factors. Factor interaction analysis revealed synergistic effects between wastewater facilities and storage zones (qmax = 0.912). This study provides critical insights to guide the remediation of retired refineries and implement precision prevention strategies in active facilities across China, while offering a reference for soil environmental management in refineries worldwide.</p>

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Analysis of Pollution Characteristics and Identification of Driving Factors in Soils at a Typical Petroleum Refinery

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Xin Li,
  • Yantao Jian,
  • Guannan Cui,
  • Peili Shi,
  • Yirong Deng,
  • Minke Xu,
  • Jinjin Wei,
  • Yunfeng Xie,
  • Zhimin You

摘要

Petroleum refining is a high-risk process with significant potential for soil contamination. In this study, we applied Geodetector software to identify the spatial drivers of six contaminants of concern (COC): vinyl chloride (VC), 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), naphthalene (NAP), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DBA), and petroleum hydrocarbons (C10–C40) at a representative refinery in China. Soil sampling (n = 496) revealed distinct vertical distributions: VC/TCP penetrated deeper aquifers (1.5 m) than did polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (BaP/DBA < 1.0 m). Geographic detector (GD) analysis revealed significant drivers (q > 0.1, p < 0.05) and showed that storage tanks emerged as the dominant driver for VC (q = 0.182), BaP (q = 0.369), NAP (q = 0.653), and C10–C40 (q = 0.680) distributions, while process units predominantly governed DBA (q = 0.389) dispersion. Notably, TCP exhibited no significant association with the assessed factors. Factor interaction analysis revealed synergistic effects between wastewater facilities and storage zones (qmax = 0.912). This study provides critical insights to guide the remediation of retired refineries and implement precision prevention strategies in active facilities across China, while offering a reference for soil environmental management in refineries worldwide.