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Aims/hypothesis <p>Using a randomised, crossover design, we investigated whether exercise snacks could improve indices of glucose regulation assessed by continuous glucose monitoring, compared with an equivalent no-exercise control period in people living with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.</p> Methods <p>Previously inactive participants with well-controlled type 2 diabetes (<i>n</i>=31; 21 female participants, ten male participants; approximately 58 years old, BMI approximately 31 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, HbA<sub>1c</sub> approximately 48 mmol/mol [6.6%]) completed two experimental conditions in a randomised, counterbalanced order in the real world under a standardised diet. During the exercise snacks condition (ES), participants completed four 1&#xa0;min bouts of vigorous bodyweight exercise on two consecutive days, guided by instructional videos sent via email. The control condition (CON) involved two consecutive days of no exercise. Participants wore a continuous glucose monitor and a Fitbit watch to record glycaemic responses and heart rate, respectively. The primary outcome was mean glucose during each 48&#xa0;h condition. Secondary outcomes included 2&#xa0;h postprandial glucose responses after standardised meals and markers of glycaemic variability.</p> Results <p>The difference in mean glucose between ES and CON did not reach statistical significance (between-condition difference −0.2 mmol/l; 95% CI −0.4, 0.0; <i>p</i>=0.07). However, small but statistically significant improvements in standard deviation (−0.1 mmol/l; 95% CI −0.2, −0.1; <i>p</i>&lt;0.001), coefficient of variation (−1%; 95% CI −2, 0; <i>p</i>=0.007), mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions (−0.3 mmol/l; 95% CI −0.5, 0.0; <i>p</i>=0.04) and time in tight range (3%; 95% CI 0, 6; <i>p</i>=0.04) were seen under the ES condition compared with CON. The 2&#xa0;h postprandial glucose average, peak, area under the curve and incremental area under the curve were also significantly lower after breakfast and dinner during the ES condition compared with CON (all <i>p</i>&lt;0.05).</p> Conclusions/interpretation <p>Bodyweight exercise snacks totalling 4 min of vigorous activity per day led to small, yet statistically significant improvements in indices of glycaemic variability and postprandial hyperglycaemia in insufficiently active individuals living with well-controlled type 2 diabetes.</p> <p><i>Trial registration</i> ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06382246</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Exercise snacks performed in real-world settings reduce postprandial hyperglycaemia and glycaemic variability in individuals living with type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover study

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月24日

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  • Fiona J. Babir,
  • Alexis Marcotte-Chénard,
  • Roderick E. Sandilands,
  • Angelina D’Amico,
  • Kaja Falkenhain,
  • Noah Mulkewich,
  • Hashim Islam,
  • Douglas L. Richards,
  • Kenneth Madden,
  • Joel Singer,
  • Michael Riddell,
  • Martin J. Gibala,
  • Jonathan P. Little

摘要

Aims/hypothesis

Using a randomised, crossover design, we investigated whether exercise snacks could improve indices of glucose regulation assessed by continuous glucose monitoring, compared with an equivalent no-exercise control period in people living with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Previously inactive participants with well-controlled type 2 diabetes (n=31; 21 female participants, ten male participants; approximately 58 years old, BMI approximately 31 kg/m2, HbA1c approximately 48 mmol/mol [6.6%]) completed two experimental conditions in a randomised, counterbalanced order in the real world under a standardised diet. During the exercise snacks condition (ES), participants completed four 1 min bouts of vigorous bodyweight exercise on two consecutive days, guided by instructional videos sent via email. The control condition (CON) involved two consecutive days of no exercise. Participants wore a continuous glucose monitor and a Fitbit watch to record glycaemic responses and heart rate, respectively. The primary outcome was mean glucose during each 48 h condition. Secondary outcomes included 2 h postprandial glucose responses after standardised meals and markers of glycaemic variability.

Results

The difference in mean glucose between ES and CON did not reach statistical significance (between-condition difference −0.2 mmol/l; 95% CI −0.4, 0.0; p=0.07). However, small but statistically significant improvements in standard deviation (−0.1 mmol/l; 95% CI −0.2, −0.1; p<0.001), coefficient of variation (−1%; 95% CI −2, 0; p=0.007), mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions (−0.3 mmol/l; 95% CI −0.5, 0.0; p=0.04) and time in tight range (3%; 95% CI 0, 6; p=0.04) were seen under the ES condition compared with CON. The 2 h postprandial glucose average, peak, area under the curve and incremental area under the curve were also significantly lower after breakfast and dinner during the ES condition compared with CON (all p<0.05).

Conclusions/interpretation

Bodyweight exercise snacks totalling 4 min of vigorous activity per day led to small, yet statistically significant improvements in indices of glycaemic variability and postprandial hyperglycaemia in insufficiently active individuals living with well-controlled type 2 diabetes.

Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06382246

Graphical Abstract