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Key message <p><b> Identification of</b> <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Rk</Emphasis> <b>candidate gene and diagnostic markers enabled precise introduction of the slow‑darkening (SD) allele into pink beans, producing stable SD phenotypes and expanding breeding utility across market classes.</b></p> Abstract <p>Common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L.) is a globally important and nutritious crop with diverse market classes. Multiple genes control the seed coat color and patterns that characterize these market classes. Therefore, understanding the genetic control of seed coat color is critical for breeding purposes, especially when making crosses among different market classes. One such gene is <i>Rk</i>, the “red kidney” color gene. The recessive <i>rk</i><sup><i>p</i></sup> allele controls the characteristic color expression of the pink market class. Through GWAS analysis, sequencing candidate genes across multiple market classes, genetic mapping, and phylogenetic analysis, we determined the gene model PvUI111.02G213800, which encodes anthocyanidin reductase, is the most likely candidate for the <i>Rk</i> gene. Pink beans, along with several other market classes, suffer from postharvest seed coat darkening, a quality issue that causes significant economic losses and reduces consumer appeal and nutritional value. The recessive <i>P</i><sup><i>sd</i></sup> allele present in some pinto genotypes imparts a “slow-darkening” (SD) phenotype. To introduce the <i>P</i><sup><i>sd</i></sup> allele into the pink market class, crosses were made between three pink beans and the SD pinto cultivar ND Palomino. Among 2240 F<sub>2</sub> plants screened using PACE markers targeting multiple genes (<i>P</i><sup><i>sd</i></sup>, <i>rk</i><sup><i>p</i></sup>, and <i>pi</i>) controlling pink color and slow-darkening, 32 individuals exhibited the desired alleles and SD pink genotype. The SD phenotype was verified via ultra-violet (UV) testing (<i>λ</i> = 254&#xa0;nm), and field trials of F<sub>5</sub> generation lines demonstrated their phenotypic stability. Parallel efforts are underway to incorporate the SD trait into light red kidney and cranberry beans, broadening its utility across market classes.</p>

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A candidate gene marker at the red kidney color locus (Rk) enables the development of slow-darkening pink beans

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Caroline Osborne,
  • Phillip E. McClean,
  • Alvaro Soler Garzón,
  • Atena Oladzad-Nejad,
  • Rian Lee,
  • Phillip N. Miklas,
  • Juan M. Osorno,
  • Justin D. Faris,
  • Jayanta Roy

摘要

Key message

Identification of Rk candidate gene and diagnostic markers enabled precise introduction of the slow‑darkening (SD) allele into pink beans, producing stable SD phenotypes and expanding breeding utility across market classes.

Abstract

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a globally important and nutritious crop with diverse market classes. Multiple genes control the seed coat color and patterns that characterize these market classes. Therefore, understanding the genetic control of seed coat color is critical for breeding purposes, especially when making crosses among different market classes. One such gene is Rk, the “red kidney” color gene. The recessive rkp allele controls the characteristic color expression of the pink market class. Through GWAS analysis, sequencing candidate genes across multiple market classes, genetic mapping, and phylogenetic analysis, we determined the gene model PvUI111.02G213800, which encodes anthocyanidin reductase, is the most likely candidate for the Rk gene. Pink beans, along with several other market classes, suffer from postharvest seed coat darkening, a quality issue that causes significant economic losses and reduces consumer appeal and nutritional value. The recessive Psd allele present in some pinto genotypes imparts a “slow-darkening” (SD) phenotype. To introduce the Psd allele into the pink market class, crosses were made between three pink beans and the SD pinto cultivar ND Palomino. Among 2240 F2 plants screened using PACE markers targeting multiple genes (Psd, rkp, and pi) controlling pink color and slow-darkening, 32 individuals exhibited the desired alleles and SD pink genotype. The SD phenotype was verified via ultra-violet (UV) testing (λ = 254 nm), and field trials of F5 generation lines demonstrated their phenotypic stability. Parallel efforts are underway to incorporate the SD trait into light red kidney and cranberry beans, broadening its utility across market classes.