<p>As a renewable resource, wood is widely used in construction, decoration and other fields, but its long-term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is easy to cause photodegradation, resulting in color deterioration, mechanical properties decline and surface fiber damage. This paper systematically reviews the latest progress in the field of UV protection of wood from 2015 to 2025, focusing on the development of full-band UV shielding materials with natural biological macromolecules as the core. Through hydrothermal synthesis, sol–gel method, chemical/electrochemical deposition and other processes, the morphology and interface characteristics of inorganic materials (such as ZnO, TiO₂, CeO₂, graphene) and bio-based materials (nanocellulose, chitosan, lignin) can be accurately regulated to improve the UV shielding efficiency. In addition, UV shielding agent can endow wood with hydrophobicity, mechanical enhancement and antibacterial properties, which can meet the needs of historical building protection, intelligent packaging, automobile lightweight and other fields. Future research needs to break through the bottleneck of nanoparticle stability, environmental safety and large-scale preparation, promote the development of bionic dynamic response materials and green processes, and provide theoretical support for sustainable wood protection technology.</p>