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<p>The Red Imported Fire Ant (<i>Solenopsis invicta</i>) exhibits a social polymorphism with monogyne and polygyne colonies. This social polymorphism is fully associated with two haplotype variants (<i>SB</i> and <i>Sb</i>) at a social supergene. Current genotyping methods are based on PCR–RFLP, multiplex PCR, or high-resolution melt PCR assays, all using primers designed on <i>Gp-9</i>. However, due to occasional mutation or polymorphism, genotyping might be ineffective. Here, we developed a new supergene genotyping assay&#xa0;based on indel (insertion-deletion) polymorphisms outside of <i>Gp-9</i>. Primers were designed for five short indels of 120–140&#xa0;bp found in a 2&#xa0;Mb region centered on <i>Gp-9</i>. Testing of both single individuals and pooled samples showed complete consistency between the indel assays and the <i>Gp-9</i> PCR–RFLP assay, thus permitting rapid genetic determination of colony social form. These new supergene genotyping assays designed outside of&#xa0;<i>Gp-9</i> offer additional options for genotyping fire ants, including allowing experiments where <i>Gp-9</i> is modified. Finally, the indel approach should be a useful and simple way to genotype supergenes in ants and other species.</p>

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Fire ant social supergene genotyping using polymorphic indel markers

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月30日

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  • S. Béniguel,
  • T.-T. Hung,
  • M.-E. Chen,
  • J. Wang

摘要

The Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) exhibits a social polymorphism with monogyne and polygyne colonies. This social polymorphism is fully associated with two haplotype variants (SB and Sb) at a social supergene. Current genotyping methods are based on PCR–RFLP, multiplex PCR, or high-resolution melt PCR assays, all using primers designed on Gp-9. However, due to occasional mutation or polymorphism, genotyping might be ineffective. Here, we developed a new supergene genotyping assay based on indel (insertion-deletion) polymorphisms outside of Gp-9. Primers were designed for five short indels of 120–140 bp found in a 2 Mb region centered on Gp-9. Testing of both single individuals and pooled samples showed complete consistency between the indel assays and the Gp-9 PCR–RFLP assay, thus permitting rapid genetic determination of colony social form. These new supergene genotyping assays designed outside of Gp-9 offer additional options for genotyping fire ants, including allowing experiments where Gp-9 is modified. Finally, the indel approach should be a useful and simple way to genotype supergenes in ants and other species.