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<p>This comprehensive review investigates advanced algorithmic and architectural implementations of the forward and inverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT) across developments from 1987 to 2025. The paper systematically examines both traditional MDCT and Low Delay MDCT (LD-MDCT), emphasizing their theoretical foundations, recursive algorithms, and practical applications. A detailed comparative analysis is presented, evaluating a range of algorithmic optimizations and hardware architectures, including pipelined, parallel, and recursive implementations. The study explores performance metrics such as computational cycles utilized, data throughput per transformation, numbers of adders and multipliers used, area efficiency, and power consumption, offering insights into the trade-offs inherent in each approach. This technical review provides a structured consolidation of existing algorithmic and architectural approaches, along with consistent performance comparisons across multiple design dimensions, enabling researchers to identify optimal trade-offs between latency, complexity, and resource utilization. It further offers practical design insights and guidance for developing efficient, scalable, and low-latency MDCT architectures tailored to modern audio coding standards such as LC3 and LC3plus defined by the Bluetooth SIG. By bridging theoretical developments with hardware design considerations, this work serves as a valuable reference for engineers and researchers working on next-generation wireless audio systems.</p>

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A Comprehensive Review of State-of-the-Art Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT) Techniques: Algorithm, Architecture and Performance Tradeoffs

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Rohit Pravin Mungekar,
  • R. Jayagowri

摘要

This comprehensive review investigates advanced algorithmic and architectural implementations of the forward and inverse Modified Discrete Cosine Transform (MDCT) across developments from 1987 to 2025. The paper systematically examines both traditional MDCT and Low Delay MDCT (LD-MDCT), emphasizing their theoretical foundations, recursive algorithms, and practical applications. A detailed comparative analysis is presented, evaluating a range of algorithmic optimizations and hardware architectures, including pipelined, parallel, and recursive implementations. The study explores performance metrics such as computational cycles utilized, data throughput per transformation, numbers of adders and multipliers used, area efficiency, and power consumption, offering insights into the trade-offs inherent in each approach. This technical review provides a structured consolidation of existing algorithmic and architectural approaches, along with consistent performance comparisons across multiple design dimensions, enabling researchers to identify optimal trade-offs between latency, complexity, and resource utilization. It further offers practical design insights and guidance for developing efficient, scalable, and low-latency MDCT architectures tailored to modern audio coding standards such as LC3 and LC3plus defined by the Bluetooth SIG. By bridging theoretical developments with hardware design considerations, this work serves as a valuable reference for engineers and researchers working on next-generation wireless audio systems.