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<p>To effectively protect image copyright and preserve image integrity, this paper proposes a robust and reversible watermarking algorithm. First, the watermark is embedded into the pixel values of image blocks by computing and quantizing the DC component of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and the robustness is further enhanced through repeated embedding and a voting mechanism. Second, in the reversible stage, the pixel modifications introduced by robust watermark embedding are converted into a bit sequence and embedded as a reversible watermark using the pixel value ordering (PVO) method. The proposed method requires only secret keys to achieve lossless recovery of the original image in the absence of attacks, while still enabling reliable watermark extraction under slight attacks. The main contributions include: (1) A two-stage robust–reversible watermarking framework; (2) A spatial-domain DC-based QIM embedding strategy; (3) A PVO-based reversible embedding method using maximum and minimum pixel values. Through extensive experimental evaluations, the proposed algorithm achieves a PSNR of approximately 39&#xa0;dB, indicating high watermark invisibility, while the average NC exceeds 0.98, demonstrating strong robustness. It can fulfill the requirements for copyright protection and image integrity preservation in certain specific application scenarios.</p>

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A Robust and Reversible Watermarking Algorithm Using DC Component and Pixel Value Ordering

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Yunfei Qiu,
  • Qingtang Su,
  • Hongjiao Cao,
  • Lin Su

摘要

To effectively protect image copyright and preserve image integrity, this paper proposes a robust and reversible watermarking algorithm. First, the watermark is embedded into the pixel values of image blocks by computing and quantizing the DC component of the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and the robustness is further enhanced through repeated embedding and a voting mechanism. Second, in the reversible stage, the pixel modifications introduced by robust watermark embedding are converted into a bit sequence and embedded as a reversible watermark using the pixel value ordering (PVO) method. The proposed method requires only secret keys to achieve lossless recovery of the original image in the absence of attacks, while still enabling reliable watermark extraction under slight attacks. The main contributions include: (1) A two-stage robust–reversible watermarking framework; (2) A spatial-domain DC-based QIM embedding strategy; (3) A PVO-based reversible embedding method using maximum and minimum pixel values. Through extensive experimental evaluations, the proposed algorithm achieves a PSNR of approximately 39 dB, indicating high watermark invisibility, while the average NC exceeds 0.98, demonstrating strong robustness. It can fulfill the requirements for copyright protection and image integrity preservation in certain specific application scenarios.