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<p>To address the challenges of estimation bias induced by sound-speed variation and significant mutual coupling effects in underwater two-dimensional direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation, this paper proposes a velocity-independent DOA estimation method named 2D-LSSTP-PM (Two-Dimensional based on a Large-Spacing Staggered Triple-Parallel array and Propagator Method). The proposed approach uses three linear sub-arrays. Each sub-array has uniformly spaced elements, but the element spacing differs from one sub-array to the next. These sub-arrays are arranged side-by-side to create a staggered parallel configuration that greatly reduces mutual coupling between the elements. By developing an extended propagator operator, the method enhances the utilization of received data and improves angular estimation accuracy. Integrated with a preliminary sound speed estimation strategy, it enables joint estimation of azimuth and elevation angles without prior knowledge of sound speed conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly improves the accuracy of two-dimensional DOA estimation under sound speed variations while maintaining low computational complexity, exhibiting excellent robustness against mutual coupling effects.</p>

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An Underwater Velocity-Independent 2-D DOA Estimation Based on a Large-Spacing Staggered Triple-Parallel Array

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月20日

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  • Hongping Shen,
  • Haiqun Jiang,
  • Tianyu Wang,
  • Wei Cheng,
  • Chunmiao Li,
  • Danwu Su,
  • Xiaojie Lin,
  • Li Hong,
  • Jiafang Zou,
  • Dapeng Shen,
  • Gengxin Ning

摘要

To address the challenges of estimation bias induced by sound-speed variation and significant mutual coupling effects in underwater two-dimensional direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation, this paper proposes a velocity-independent DOA estimation method named 2D-LSSTP-PM (Two-Dimensional based on a Large-Spacing Staggered Triple-Parallel array and Propagator Method). The proposed approach uses three linear sub-arrays. Each sub-array has uniformly spaced elements, but the element spacing differs from one sub-array to the next. These sub-arrays are arranged side-by-side to create a staggered parallel configuration that greatly reduces mutual coupling between the elements. By developing an extended propagator operator, the method enhances the utilization of received data and improves angular estimation accuracy. Integrated with a preliminary sound speed estimation strategy, it enables joint estimation of azimuth and elevation angles without prior knowledge of sound speed conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly improves the accuracy of two-dimensional DOA estimation under sound speed variations while maintaining low computational complexity, exhibiting excellent robustness against mutual coupling effects.